Bladder cancer is the most common malignant tumor in urogenital system. Bladder carcinoma has the biological characteristics of easy recurrence and metastasis. The cancer stem cells theory explained the mechanisms of bladder cancer recurrence and metastasis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition ( EMT) could promote tumor cells to acquire stem cell characteristics, while the tumor cells with stem cell characteristics have correspondingly high expression of EMT biomarkers. Long noncoding RNA ( lncRNA) promotes tumor cells to acquire and maintain stem cell characteristics through regulating EMT process. CSCs, EMT and lncRNA are closely related to the genesis and development of tumors, and participate in the regulation process of tumor proliferation, invasion, me-tastasis and so on. It will provide new insights in targeting therapy of tumor metastasis and recurrence through illuminating the correla-tion between lncRNA on EMT of bladder cancer stem cells ( BCSCs) This article makes a review on the latest research progress about the mechanism of lncRNA regulating EMT of BCSCs.

Objective To compare the clinical effect of 2D and 3D laparoscopic radical prostectomy and summarize surgical experience of laparoscopic radical prostectomy of early prostate cancer.MethodsThe clinical data of 34 cases of prostate cancer treated in our institute from November 2015 to April 2016 were collected and analyzed retrospectively. The patients in observation group (11 cases) were treated by 3D laparoscopic radical prostectomy, while those in control group (23 cases) were given 2D laparoscopic radical prostectomy. The operation time, intraoperative bleeding volume, postoperative drainage time, quantity of drainage fluid within 24 hours postoperatively, indwelling catheter time, hospital time, positive surgical margin rate, potence rate, 30d-urinary continence rate and complications were compared between the two groups.Results All operations were successfully performed. There were no signiifcant differences in operation time, intraoperative bleeding volume, postoperative drainage time, quantity of drainage lfuid within 24 hours postoperatively, indwelling catheter time, hospital time, positive surgical margin rate, potence rate, 30d-urinary continence rate and complications between the two groups (P > 0.05). In observation group, the operation time was (153.52 ± 30.47) min and the potence rate was 50.0 %, 4 cases with uroclepsia (36.4 %), 1 case with urine leakage (9.1 %), no patient had urethral stricture or positive surgical margin, the 30d-urinary continence rate was 72.7 %. In control group, the operation time was (164.73 ± 28.65) min and the potence rate was 38.9 %, 13 cases with uroclepsia (56.5 %), 4 cases with urine leakage (17.4 %), 1 case with urethral stricture (4.3 %), 2 cases with positive surgical margin (8.7 %), 30d-urinary continence rate was 60.9 %.ConclusionLaparoscopic radical prostectomy is a safe, effective and less invasive method for treating early prostate cancer patients. Also 3D laparoscopic radical prostectomy play the similar functional results compared with 2D laparoscopic radical prostectomy, but 3D laparoscopic has the advantage in three dimensions space sense and accurate operation, it is worthy of promoting clinical application.

Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of dorsal mosaic surgery with penis free flap for the treatment of anterior urethral stricture after TURP. Methods: We analyzed the clinical data of the patients with anterior urethral stricture after TURP from January 2010 to December 2017 in Yan′an hospital affiliated to Kunming medical university retrospectively. The patients' age ranged from 58 to 75 years, with an average of 64.3 years. The time from TURP to the diagnosis of anterior urethral stricture was 1-12 month, with an average of 3.5 months. 5 cases were urethral stricture at penis segment, 11 cases were urethral stricture at the junction of penis and scrotum, and the length of the narrow urethra was 2-5 cm, with an average of 3.4cm. The average maximum uroflowmetry in preoperative was (5.3±2.7) ml/s.11 cases were treated with regular urethral dilatation and the treatment durable time was more than 6 months, 5 cases were treated with intraurethral incision combined with urethral dilatation(1 or 2 times). 16 cases were not effective after receiving the above treatment, so that all cases were treated with dorsal mosaic surgery with penis free flap. Subarachnoid anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia, the patient took the supine position.The distal end of urethral stricture was defined by urethral dilator. Incision from the ventral side of the urethra. The length of the incision was extended 0.5 cm based on the length of urethral stricture in urethral angiography.Anatomize the left and right sides of the urethral stricture and longitudinally incision the ventral side of the urethral cavernous body. The length of the incision was extended 0.5 cm to the normal urethral mucosa. The traction line retracts the ventral urethral edge along both sides.The corresponding medial line of the dorsal urethra was incised to the tunica albuginea, and the urethral edge of the dorsal side was separated from the tunica albuginea to form an elliptical region on the tunica albuginea.According to the size of the ellipse, the full thickness of the penis flap was taken, and the size of the flap was beyond the edge of the elliptical area about 0.3 cm.The free flap was covered with the 6-0 absorbable suture on the elliptical area (the skin surface was on the inner side of the urethra), the edge of the free flap was intermittently sutured with the urethral edge of the dorsal side, Multi-needle intermittent sutured flap surface on the corpus cavernosum bed.Using a silicone catheter as the stent tube of the new urethra, the 6-0 absorbable suture closes the ventral side of the incisional urethral sponge.The multi-layered meat film was sutured to prevent leakage of urine, and the fascia and skin were sutured layer by layer. The 5-0 absorbable thread sutures the wound after the foreskin was taken. Results: The operations were successfully completed. The operation time was 90-120 min, with an average of 102.3 min. The intraoperative blood loss was 10-30 ml. The symptoms of dysuria were relieved in all patients after removal of the catheter at 3 weeks postoperative. 4 weeks after surgery, no signs of urethral stricture were observed in urethrography. And the maximum flow rate was >15 ml/s in 13 cases, while 3 cases was 10-15 ml/s. The mean maximum flow rate in postoperative was [(20.4±7.3) ml/s], which was significantly higher than that in preoperative (t=7.7602, P<0.05). B-ultrasound showed 13 cases without residual urine and 3 cases of residual urine volume <30 ml. All patients had no serious complications such as urinary fistula, urethral diverticulum and extravasation of urine. After 1 year of follow-up, 1 patient was lost to follow up, and none of the remaining15 cases had urethral obstruction due to re-stricture. Conclusion Dorsal mosaic surgery with penis free flap could be an effective method and had no obvious complications for the treatment of anterior urethral stricture after TURP.

Objective To explore the feasibility and safety of flexible ureteroscope with tubeless in the treatment of middle or upper calyx renal calculi.Methods The clinical data of 107 patients with renal calculi treated from January 2015 to October 2018 were analyzed retrospectively.Age ranged from 18 to 55 years,with mean of (32.1 ± 5.2) years.Calculi was single,locating in the middle or upper calyx,with the diameter less than 2.0 cm,the CT value ≤ 800 HU,and mild renal hydronephrosis.All patients were routinely indwelling double-J tube using cystoscopy 2 weeks preoperatively,and ureteroscopic lithotripsy was performed.Fifty patients in group A were received tubeless treatment,and 57 patients in group B were given routinely indwelling double-J tube.The 50 patients in group A were (30.4 ± 5.9) years of age,including 33 males and 17 females,28 cases on the left and 22 cases on the right,24 cases locating in the upper calyx and 26 cases locating in the middle calyx,and calculi diameter of (1.3 ± 0.5) cm.The 57 patients in group B were (31.3 ± 5.4) years of age,including 35 males and 22 females,26 cases on the left and 31 cases on the right,27 cases locating in the upper calyx and 30 cases locating in the middle calyx,and diameter of (1.4 ± 0.4) cm.There were no significant difference in the demographics between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).Results There were no obvious ureteral malformations,stenosis,polyps or tumors in the 107 cases intraoperatively,and the flexible ureteroscope sheath was placed smoothly.The operation time in group A [(48.2 ± 9.7) min] was significantly lower than that in group B [(51.7 ± 7.8) min,P ＜ 0.05].There was no significant difference in the calculi clearance rate between the two groups on the first day [92.0％ (46/50) vs.91.2％ (52/57)] and two weeks[96.0％ (48/50) vs.98.2％ (56/57)] after operation(P ＞ 0.05),and the calculi clearance rate reached 100％ at 1 month after operation.The incidence of hematuria in group A [24.0％ (12/50)] was significantly lower than that in group B [54.4％ (31/57),P =0.001].The incidence of bladder irritative symptoms in group A [14.0％ (7/50)] was significantly lower than that in group B [36.8％ (21/57),P =0.007].The incidence of lumbar and abdominal pain at 1 week,2 weeks and 1 month after operation was significantly lower in group A [32.0％ (16/50),8.0％ (4/50),2.0％ (1/50)] than that in group B [57.9％ (33/57),49.1％ (28/57),33.3％ (19/57),P ＜ 0.05].There was no significant difference between the two groups about the incidence of lumbar and abdominal pain at first day after operation [86.0％ (43/50) vs.84.2％ (48/57),P ＞ 0.05].Conclusions It was feasibility and safety to perform flexible ureteroscope with tubeless for the patients with renal primary and single calculi,ideal ureteral conditions (no malformations,stenosis,polyps or tumors),mild renal hydronephrosis,calculi,diameter ＜ 2.0 cm,CT value ≤ 800 HU,locating in the middle or upper calyx,and no history of urinary calculi.This procedure had not only similar calculi clearance rate compared with routinely indwelling double-J tube,but also has a lower incidence of complications (hematuria,bladder irritative symptoms,lumbar or abdominal pain).

Aggressive angiomyxoma (AAM) is a rare clinical entity. A case of AAM was reported in this paper. The patient presented with severe hydronephrosis of the left kidney and was diagnosed with a pelvic mass compressing the ureter. The patient underwent laparoscopic resection of the pelvic mass. The postoperative pathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of AAM. The patient had no recurrence and metastasis after 9 months of follow-up.