This paper reviews the effects of physical environments (including light, electric field, ultrasound, magnetic field, microgravity, temperature, mechanical vibration, and heterogeneous nucleation interface) on protein crystal nucleation. The research results are summarized and the possible mechanisms of the effects are discussed. In the end of this review, the application prospects of these physical environments (including coupled environments) in protein crystallization are presented.
Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Electromagnetic Fields ; Environment ; Light ; Protein Conformation ; Proteins ; chemistry ; Temperature

Low-frequency ultrasound can increase the transdermal delivery of many drugs, including macromolecular drugs. The main mechanism is ultrasonic cavitation. Most researchers pointed out that it could change the form-structure of stratum corneum keratinocytes and, in this way, it can improve the permeability of skin. Low-frequency sonophoresis has been in use for in-vitro experiments and in-vivo animal experiments, and so far, both small-molecules transdermal delivery and macromolecules transdermal delivery have been successfully performed in many experiments. However, there are few reports about the real low-frequency sonophoresis for clinical treatment. A large number of clinical trials are necessary to confirm its safety and practicality. Once its safety is confirmed and the suitable low-frequency sonophoresis devices are developed successfully, Low-frequency Sonophoresis will come to be a safe, effective, controllable, and economic new delivery method.
Administration, Cutaneous ; Animals ; Humans ; Skin ; diagnostic imaging ; metabolism ; Skin Absorption ; radiation effects ; Ultrasonography

Accurate and rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases can effectively prevent their spread and promptly curb the epidemic hazards. Multiplexed point-of-care testing (x-POCT) technology can effectively avoid misdiagnosis caused by the detection of one single target and achieve rapid screening and timely control of multiple infectious diseases. Research progress and the latest applications of x-POCT including x-POCT assay methods for different targets in the diagnosis of infectious diseases and their pathogens are summarized in this review. The paper-based, microfluidic chip-based, and microdroplet-based device platforms of x-POCT, and eventually the challenges and future perspectives of x-POCT, especially progress on the effective infectious disease surveillance network establishment under One Health concept are highlighted.