Adjuvants have been used as critical components of vaccine.They were used to stabilize the antigens and potentiate the immune responses.Dose sparing is also of interests in recent years to be applied in potential pandemic situations or to lower the costs of vaccines.With the emerging nanotechnology in many aspects including the use in biomedical applications,the application of nanomaterials as vaccine adjuvants also attracted a lot of attentions in recent years.With favorable biological properties,such as well-defined and well-formed nanoparticles,biocompatibility,biodegradability and ability to induce humoral immunity and cellular immunity simultaneously,calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaP) have the potentials to be developed as an immune potentiator to be used as vaccine adjuvants.Here,we reviewed the basic properties of CaP and their applications as vaccine adjuvants with antigens of different modalities such as inactivated virus,protein and naked DNAs.The mechanism of the adjuvanting effects is briefly described.Further the development of CaP as vaccine adjuvants with some designed surface modification could lead to next generation vaccine adjuvants with improved immune potentiating properties and safety profiles.

Zika fever is a self-limiting and acute infectious disease caused by Zika virus infection. It is mainly transmitted through the bite of mosquitoes of the Aedes type. It can also be spread through verti-cal transmission. There is evidence that it can also be sexually transmitted from a man to his sex partners due to the presence of the virus in semen. The re-emergence of the virus in 2015 as a major endemic in the South American countries ( which may spread further) warrants better understanding of Zika virus. The outbreaks, transmission routes, virological characteristics and the diagnosis and treatment of Zika virus infection will be summarized in this review. Moreover, the potential correlations between newborn microcephaly and Zika vi-rus infection as well as the possible molecular mechanisms for causing microcephaly such as cell autophagy will also be discussed.

John Cunningham virus(JCV)is a type of human polyomavirus. It was first isolated from the brain of a patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy(PML)in 1971 and named after that patient. The seroprevalence of JCV in the general population is 40% to 60% . The mortality rate among patients with AIDS complicated by PML was shown to be 50% . For immunocompromised patients and pa-tients with long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs,JCV would cause fatal polyomavirus associated ne-phropathy(PVAN),viremia and some other related diseases. While the pathogenesis of JCV has well stud-ied,there are no specific prevention and treatment measures for infected individuals. Therefore,reliable, specific and sensitive JCV detection methods in clinical settings are needed. This review describes the pros and cons of different methods for JCV detection with potentials for clinical applications.

Serum vitamin D level and vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene FokI polymorphisms were detected in 200 single full-term pregnant women who gave birth in our hospital during 2016 to 2018. The newborns with birth weight<2500 g were diagnosed as fetal growth restriction (FGR), there were 100 cases in FGR group and 100 cases in control group. The average level of vitamin D in pregnant women in FGR group was significantly lower than that of the control group [(30.1±10.9) vs. (36.1±15.8) nmol/L, P<0.05]. In the FGR group, the birth weight of infants in mother carrying ff genotype was significantly lower than that in mother carrying Ff and FF genotypes [(2073±90) g vs. (2242±122) g and (2349±96) g, P<0.05]. Pregnant women carrying Ff and FF genotypes had lower risk of FGR than those of carrying ff genotype (ORFf=0.31, 95％ CI: 0.17-0.76; ORFF=0.28, 95％CI: 0.11-0.46). The pregnant women with serum 25(OH)D level>30 nmol/L carrying F allele (FF+Ff) were set as reference, the risk of FGR in pregnant women with serum 25 (OH)D level ≤ 30 nmol/L carrying ff genotype was increased (OR=6.14, 95％CI: 2.13-13.23). The polymorphism of VDR gene FokI may be associated with the occurrence of FGR. In the case of vitamin D deficiency, the influence of ff genotype on FGR is more tangible.

Objective To study the method of dose reconstruction in human body under the photon external radiation accident condition,and to verify the accuracy of the method for the local dose distribution.Methods Based on the open source Monte Carlo tool kit Geant 4 and using the human voxel phantom recommended by ICRP Publication 103,the dose reconstruction method under the condition of external radiation accident was studied to evaluate the average absorbed dose,organ absorbed dose and local dose distribution.To validate the code,several irradiation experiments were implemented in some standard radiation fields by putting TLDs in the tissue equivalent physical phantom ART.A voxel phantom was used to reconstruct the radiation doses,which was created based on the CT scan image of the ART phantom with resolution of 1.57 mm× 1.57 mm× 10.00 mm.The result of experiment were compared with those of dose reconstruction simulation.Results The relative uncertainty of the measured values was 10.9％.The relative uncertainty of the dose reconstruction simulation values was 7.10％ at the non-tissueinterface area and 16.6％ at the tissue-interface area.For 451 measuring points,the average of the simulated value divided by the measured value was 0.972,with the standard deviation of 0.083 8.In the range of 0.95-1.05,0.90-1.10 and 0.80-1.20,and the proportions were 49.2％,79.4％ and 96.4％,respectively.Conclusions The method of Monte Carlo dose reconstruction based on human voxel phantom meets the accuracy requirement of actual uses both at the whole body or organ level and at the local dose distribution level.It can be used as a powerful tool for dose assessment of the exposed people in an external radiation accidents and provide support for diagnosis and treatment.

In order to develop agents with superior chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic properties against hepatocellular carcinomas, mitochondria-targeted hydroxycinnamic acids (MitoHCAs) were synthesized by conjugation with a triphenylphosphonium cation. These synthetic compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant activities in hepatic mitochondria, including against OHand ROOinduced lipid peroxidation. HOproduction was decreased significantly by increasing glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities. In addition, cell proliferation data from three cell lines (HepG2, L02 and WI38) indicated that the MitoHCAs were selective for cancer cells. Interestingly, the MitoHCAs both with or without Catriggered mitochondrial dysfunction by inducing mitochondrial swelling, collapsing the mitochondrial membrane potential and causing cytochromerelease. In particular, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), cyclosporin A, attenuated mitochondrial damage and cell apoptosis, indicating that mPTP may be involved in the antiproliferative activity of MitoHCAs. Further studies focused on structural optimization of these compounds are onging.

Sit-stand movement is one of the most common movement behaviors of the human body. The knee joint is the main bearing joint of this movement. Thus, the dynamic analysis of knee joint during this movement has deeply positive influences. According to the principle of moment balance, the dynamics of the knee joint during the movement were analyzed. Furthermore, combined with the data obtained from optical motion capture and six-dimensional ground reaction force test, the curve of knee joint torque was calculated. To verify the accuracy of the analysis of dynamic, the human body model was established, the polynomial equations of angle and angular velocity were fitted according to the experimental data, and the knee joint simulation of the movement was carried out. The result revealed that in terms of range and trend, the theoretical data and simulation data were consistent. The relationship between knee joint torque and ground reaction force was revealed based on the variation law of knee joint torque. During the sit-stand movement, the knee joint torque and the ground reaction force were directly proportional to each other, and the ratio was 5 to 6. In the standing process, the acceleration first increased and then decreased and finally increased in reverse, and the maximum knee torque occurred at an angle of about 140°. In the sitting process, the torque was maximized in the initial stage. The results of the dynamics analysis of knee joint during sit-stand movement are beneficial to the optimal design and force feedback control of seated rehabilitation aids, and can provide theoretical guidance for knee rehabilitation training.
Humans ; Hip Joint ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Movement ; Knee Joint ; Torque

ObjectiveTo observe the clinical efficacy of Qianghuo Shengshitang combined with ozone injection and radiofrequency thermocoagulation target puncture in the treatment of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy （wind-cold blockage type）. MethodSixty-eight patients with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy who were treated in Henan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from August 2020 to May 2021 were included and grouped into a control group and a research group by random number table， with 34 patients in each group. The control group was administrated with placebo granules of Qianghuo Shengshitang， and treated with ozone injection and radiofrequency thermocoagulation target puncture at the same time. The research group was given modified Qianghuo Shengshitang combined with ozone injection and radiofrequency thermocoagulation target puncture. Before and after treatment， patients in two groups were tested for the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， procalcitonin （PCT）， interleukin-2 （IL-2）， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， 6-ketoprostaglandin E1α （6-keto-PGE1α）， plasma substance P （SP）， β-endorphin （β-EP）， lipid peroxide （LPO）， malondialdehyde （MDA）， and superoxide dismutase （SOD）. The pain visual scale （VAS）， cervical dysfunction index （NDI）， and clinical evaluation scale for cervical spondylosis （CASCS） were given to patients to evaluate the clinical efficacy. ResultCompared with those before treatment， the levels of IL-1β， PCT， and TNF-α in two groups were decreased， and the level of IL-2 was increased （P<0.05）. The improvement of IL-1β， PCT， TNF-α， and IL-2 was more obvious in the research group as compared with the control group （P<0.05）. After treatment， the levels of SOD in two groups were increased， while the levels of LPO and MDA were decreased （P<0.05）. After treatment， the improvement of SOD， LPO， and MDA was more obvious in the research group as compared with the control group （P<0.05）. Compared with those before treatment， the levels of SP and 6-keto-PGE1α in two groups were decreased after treatment， and the level of β-EP was increased （P<0.05）. The improvement of -keto-PGE1α and β-EP was more obvious in the research group as compared with the control group after treatment （P<0.05）. Compared with those before treatment， the VAS and NDI scores of the research group were decreased， and the CASCS scores were increased （P<0.05）. After treatment， the improvement of VAS， NDI， and CASCS of the research group was more obvious as compared with the control group （P<0.05）. After treatment， the total effective rate of patients in the research group was higher than that in the control group （Z=2.018， P<0.05）. ConclusionModified Qianghuo Shengshitang combined with ozone injection and radiofrequency thermocoagulation target puncture in the treatment of patients with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy （wind-cold blockage type） can inhibit inflammation， remove oxygen free radicals， improve the level of pain mediators， relieve pain， and improve cervical spine function and clinical efficacy.

Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics are playing an increasingly important role in the treatment or prevention of many important diseases such as cancers, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. Multi-domain mAbs are far more complex than small molecule drugs with intrinsic heterogeneities. The critical quality attributes of a given mAb, including structure, post-translational modifications, and functions at biomolecular and cellular levels, need to be defined and profiled in details during the developmental phases of a biologics. These critical quality attributes, outlined in this review, serve an important database for defining the drug properties during commercial production phase as well as post licensure life cycle management. Specially, the molecular characterization, functional assessment, and effector function analysis of mAbs, are reviewed with respect to the critical parameters and the methods used for obtaining them. The three groups of analytical methods are three essential and integral facets making up the whole analytical package for a mAb-based drug. Such a package is critically important for the licensure and the post-licensure life cycle management of a therapeutic or prophylactic biologics. In addition, the basic principles on the evaluation of biosimilar mAbs were discussed briefly based on the recommendations by the World Health Organization.
Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; chemistry ; therapeutic use ; Biological Products ; therapeutic use ; Glycosylation ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Ligands