Adjuvants have been used as critical components of vaccine.They were used to stabilize the antigens and potentiate the immune responses.Dose sparing is also of interests in recent years to be applied in potential pandemic situations or to lower the costs of vaccines.With the emerging nanotechnology in many aspects including the use in biomedical applications,the application of nanomaterials as vaccine adjuvants also attracted a lot of attentions in recent years.With favorable biological properties,such as well-defined and well-formed nanoparticles,biocompatibility,biodegradability and ability to induce humoral immunity and cellular immunity simultaneously,calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaP) have the potentials to be developed as an immune potentiator to be used as vaccine adjuvants.Here,we reviewed the basic properties of CaP and their applications as vaccine adjuvants with antigens of different modalities such as inactivated virus,protein and naked DNAs.The mechanism of the adjuvanting effects is briefly described.Further the development of CaP as vaccine adjuvants with some designed surface modification could lead to next generation vaccine adjuvants with improved immune potentiating properties and safety profiles.

Objective To discuss the effects of implants of different thread face angles on the primary stability of immediately loaded implant using the 3-dimensional finite element analysis with the models of the immediately loaded implants. Methods Using the commercial code of Pro/E software, Hypermesh software, and ABAQUS software we created 3-dimensional finite element models. The micromotions of the finite element models with different screw face angles (V-shape, buttress, square-shape and inverse buttress) were computed with the ABAQUS software. Results Concerning different thread face angles, the micromotion of buttress implant was the minimum and the micromotion of inverse buttress implant was the maximum with vertically loading; the micromotion of inverse buttress implant was the minimum and the micromotion of buttress implant was the maximum with horizontal loading. Conclusions Different screw-types have great influence on vertical interfacial micromotions but little influence on horizontal interfacial micromotions. There are two angles which are formed by top /bottom edge and the implants. The larger are the angles, the smaller are the vertical interfacial micromotions, but the weaker of the strength. Thus in designing the screw-type implants, we should consider the angles of thread faces and the strength.

Objective To quantitatively analyze the characteristics of a panel of murine anti-human papillomavirus(HPV)11 L1-derived virus-like particle( VLP ) monoclonal antibodies ( mAbs ) and establish the mAb-based methods for antigen quality analysis.Methods A panel of 22 murine anti-HPV11 mAbs were characterized in details with their isotype, and binding affinity, conformational sensitivity were examined quantitatively in the direct binding ELISA and Western blot.The hemagglutination inhibition activity of mAbs were identified using the hemagglutination inhibition assay and the pseudovirus ( PsV ) neutralization efficiency were examined quantitatively using the PsV-based neutralization assay.The type-specific, highly conformational sensitive and neutralizing mAbs were selected to be used in the sandwich ELISA assay.Results Based on the quantitative and semi-quantitative results, six type-specific, highly conformational sensitive and neutralizing mAbs (2A2, 4A1-3, 16G7, 14A6, 9C1 and 19C7) were identified.These mAbs, along with 10D6 were screened as the capture mAb or as the detection mAb in the sandwich ELISA.Conclusion The binding affinity, conformational sensitivity and neutralization efficiency of anti-HPV11 mAbs were characterized in details.A mAb-based sandwich ELISA assay (14A6:Ag:9C12-HRP) were developed, which could be used in the in vitro potency analysis of HPV11 VLP-based vaccine.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the influence of najanalgesin on glutamate-glial transporter 1(GLT-1) in spinal cord of rats after L5 spinal nerve ligation and transection (SNL), and explore the spinal analgesic mechanism of najanalgesin.

METHODOne hundred male SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: sham(A), SNL(B), SNL + najanalgesin(C), SNL + saline (D), SNL + najanalgesin + liposome (E), SNL + najanalgesin + liposome + GLT-1 As-ODNs(F) and treated with intrathecal injections of 10 p.L saline (A and D), 40 ng X kg(-1) najanalgesin (C, E and F), qd, respectively. Besides intrathecal administration of najanalgesin the rats were intrathecally injected with 10 microL of GLT-1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (As-ODNs) (F) and 10 micdroL of liposome(E) once daily on day 3. The L4-L6 segments of the spinal cord were isolated in 1, 4 and 7 d(A,B,C and D), 7 d(E and F) after surgery. The mRNA and protein of GLT-1 were determined.

RESULTThe SNL model has successfully been set up. Compared to sham group, the expression of GLT-1 mRNA and protein level in group B and D both increased firstly and decreased later, the expression of GLT-1 in group C was significantly increased and kept stable, which were also higher when compared to group D in day 7th. Compared to SNL + najanalgesin group, after intrathecal injection of GLT-1 As-ODNs the GLT-1, expression of GLT-1 in F group significantly decreased. While intrathecal administration of liposome had no significant effect on the spinal GLT-1 expression.

CONCLUSIONNajanalgesin could increase the mRNA and protein expression of GLT-1 in spinal cord, which may be one of its spinal mechanisms of analgesia.

Animals ; Elapid Venoms ; pharmacology ; Elapidae ; Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; drug effects ; Male ; Neuralgia ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spinal Cord ; drug effects ; metabolism

Thimerosal has been widely used as a preservative in drug and vaccine products for decades.Due to the strong propensity to modify thiols in proteins,conformational changes could occur due to covalent bond formation between ethylmercury(a degradant of thimerosal)and thiols.Such a conformational change could lead to partial or even complete loss of desirable protein function.This study aims to investigate the effects of thimerosal on the capsid stability and antigenicity of recombinant human papillomavirus(HPV)18 virus-like particles(VLPs).Dramatic destabilization of the recombinant viral capsid upon thimerosal treatment was observed.Such a negative effect on the thermal stability of VLPs preserved with thimerosal was shown to be dependent on the thimerosal concentration.Two highly neutralizing antibodies,13H12 and 3C3,were found to be the most sensitive to thimerosal treatment.The kinetics of antigenicity loss,when monitored with 13H12 or 3C3 as probes,yielded two distinctly different sets of kinetic parameters,while the data from both monoclonal antibodies(mAbs)followed a biphasic expo-nential decay model.The potential effect of thimerosal on protein function,particularly for thiol-containing proteinaceous active components,needs to be comprehensively characterized during formulation development when a preservative is necessary.