Obesity is a common cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Recently,the morbidity of NAFLD has increased rapidly worldwide,associated with obesity prevalence.NAFLD,metabolic syndrome(MS)and insulin resistance are closely related.The increase in weight,especially in visceral fat tissue,was the highest risk factor to cause NAFLD and MS,and for their progress.To NAFLD patients,the only effective measure is weight reduction,including reasonable diet and aerobic exercise.Moreover,a sound mentality and behavior are the key factors of the treatment of NAFLD.On the other hand,the literature lacks well-designed,randomized control trials that assess the efficacy of anti-obesity drug and weight-loss surgery on the long-term outcomes of NAFLD.

Objective To investigate the effect of nutritional therapy for an infant with short bowel syndrome (SBS) who had jejuno-colostomy. Methods An individualized nutritional support before and after the closure of jejunum colostomy was provided to a 3-month-old girl with SBS who had jejuno-colostomy so as to find out its influence on prognosis. Results Paren-teral nutrition is a life-saving therapy for infants with SBS. The proper enteral nutrition can improve intestinal tolerance and re-duce the incidence of postoperative complications, and improve outcomes of SBS infants. Conclusions Appropriate nutrition therapy is important to reduce the complications and improve the prognosis of SBS infants.

Anemia is one of the most common disease in premature infants,it not only affects growth and development,but also have long-term impact on the future movement,cognition,learning ability and behavioral development,and most of mental harms nor reversible even though after iron supplementation.So,supplementation with intravenous iron will be a good approach to prevent and treatment with anemia for oral iron supplementations invalid or intolerant infants.Currently,safety and start time for iron supplementation in preterm infants remains controversial.This review focuses on the efficacy and safety of intravenous iron for prevent and treatment of iron deficiency anemia in preterm infants.

Extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) in premature infant is a common problem in the world. The reasons for high EUGR rate, such as declining gestational age and birth weight, getting more medical treatment and examination or interruption of nutritional support, had been profoundly studied. However, there are few reports about the limited ability of intakes of energy and various nutrients and the updating of the growth standard curve . Research suggested that the average time taken to reach the recommended fat intake in preterm infants is proximately day 6 after birth, protein day 4 after birth, carbohydrate one-week after birth. Vitamins and trace elements are usually not able to or take a long time to reach the recommended nutrient intake. Without enough intake of energy and nutrients to maintain the need of intrauterine growth rate and catch-up growth in preterm infants, EUGR cannot be improved. In this paper, the EUGR and the intake of important nutrients, such as energy, fat, protein, vitamins and minerals, etc., during hospitalization were reviewed in hope to achieve more rational and standardized management for preterm infant,and provide more reasonable advise to control EUGR.

More studies have shown that dietary calcium intake can decrease the incidence of metabolic syndrome. Milk consumption in childhood and the habit of milk drinking are positively correlated with bone mineral density in adult-hood. This article summarizes the relationship between dietary calcium and bone mineral density and obesity-related metabolic disorder in children.

n admixtures are summarized.

Objective To compare and analyse four references for assessment of obesity in Chinese children. Methods The height and weight of 2347 children(1175 boys and 1172 girls) aged 7 to 8 years in Shanghai were measured,and their body mass indexes (BMI) were calculated.The prevalences of overweight and obesity were evaluated and compared among reference of Weight for Height 1985(WFH 1985 reference),BMI reference of Working Group on Obesity in China (WGOC reference),BMI reference of Europe International Obesity Task Force(IOTF reference) and BMI reference of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of American 2000 (CDC reference). Results The prevalence of overweiight in boys evaluated by IOTF reference was significantly higher than those by the other three references(P<0.05),and the prevalence of overweight in girls evaluated by IOTF reference was significantly higher than those by WGOC and CDC references (P<0.05).The prevalence of obesity in boys evaluated by IOTF reference was significantly lower than those by the other three references (P<0.01),and the prevalence of obesity in girls evaluated by IOTF reference was significantly lower than those by WGOC and WFH 1985 references(P<0.01).There was no significant difference in the evaluation findings of obesity and overweight between WFH 1985 and WGOC references(P>0.05). Conclusion WFH 1985 and WGOC references are more suitable than IOTF and CDC references for assessment of overweight and obesity in Chinese children.

Objective To gather observational data on resting energy expenditure(REE)of children with newly diagnosed malignant solid tumor, and to examine factors that might be relevant to their energy expenditure change. Methods It is a retrospective study. Data from sixty-one patients with newly diagnosed malignant tumor admitted to department of pediatric surgery in Xinhua Hospital were reviewed in this study. Resting energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry. Patients with benign tumor admitted during the same period were used as the control group. Results The difference of percentage of patients with normal, decreased, or increased REE between benign and malignant groups was not significant(χ2 = 0.466, P = 0.792). Patients with one or more gastrointestinal symptoms had higher percent of Pre-REE compared with patients without any gastrointestinal symptoms, but no significant difference existed(119.8±80.4 vs 91.1±27.2, Z = 0.746, P = 0.456). Different tumor types were associated with different effects on REE. There was no significant difference in REE levels between patients with decreased diet intake and those without(Z = 0.528, P = 0.598). Conclusions It is confirmed that not all patients with malignant tumor have an increased REE. Moreover, the tumor site might be an independent factor affecting patients' REE level.

Objective To describe aerobic capacity and body composition of school-aged children in Shanghai and explore the potential relationship between body composition and aerobic capacity.Methods Totally 63 school-aged children in Shanghai were measured for height,weight,fat percentage (FAT％),and fat-free mass (FFM).Body composition was estimated from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA).Body mass index (BMI),fat mass index (FMI),and fat-free mass index (FFMI) were calculated.Aerobic capacity (VO2max and the maximum oxygen pulse) were measured using the COSMED fitmate metabolic systems (combined heart rate and cycling test).Results The boys who were obese or overweight had both higher absolute value of VO2max and lower relative values of VO2max than other boys [(1 038.50 ± 157.93) ml/min vs (923.90±82.03) ml/min,F=4.812,P=0.005; (23.62±4.22) ml/ (kg· min) vs (27.75 ±2.41) ml/ (kg · min),F =5.633,P =0.002].The girls who were obese or overweight tended to have higher absolute value of VO2max [(966.70 ± 131.22) ml/min vs (892.55 ± 108.71) ml/min] and lower relative values of VO2 max [(23.84 ± 4.30) ml/ (kg · min) vs (28.09 ± 4.52) ml/ (kg · min)] than other girls.After controlling for age,the relative VO2max values were negatively associated with body mass index (BMI),degree of obesity,FAT％,FM,FFM,FMI,FFMI (boys:r =-0.675,P ＜ 0.000 1 ; r =-0.634,P＜0.000 1; r=-0.667,P＜0.000 1; r=-0.726,P＜0.000 1; r=-0.594,P＜0.000 1;r=-0.686,P＜0.000 1; r=-0.456,P=0.010; girls:r=-0.651,P ＜0.000 1; r=-0.552,P=0.002; r=-0.527,P=0.003; r=-0.633,P＜0.000 1; r=-0.520,P=0.004; r=-0.579,P=0.001 ; r =-0.597,P =0.001).In boys,the maximum oxygen pulse was positively correlated with BMI,FFM,and FFMI (r =0.358,P=0.048; r =0.543,P=0.002; r =0.554,P=0.001); in girls,the maximum oxygen pulse was positively correlated with FFM and FFMI (r =0.378,P =0.043 ; r =0.449,P =0.014).Conclusions Aerobic capacity is associated with body composition in school-aged children.Higher degree of obesity is associated with poorer aerobic capacity.Maximum oxygen pulse is also associated with FFM.

Objective To assess the enteral iron and energy intake of premature neonates during hospitalization in neonatal intensive care unit(NICU).Methods This retrospective study enrolled 208 premature neonates admitted in the NICU of Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine within 48 hours after birth from January 2012 to December 2013.The following data were recorded for all infants:clinical basic information,the amount of formula iron intake in milk,enteral and parenteral nutrition intake as well as oral iron supplementation.Results The amount of enteral iron intake in the 1st,2nd,3rd,4th week after birth and at discharge was (0.2 ± 0.3) mg/(kg · d),(0.9 ±0.7) mg/(kg · d),(1.2 ±1.0) mg/(kg · d),(1.5 ± 1.1) mg/(kg · d),and (2.2 ± 1.1) mg/(kg · d),respectively,which accounted for 10％,45 ％,60％,75 ％ and 110％ of the recommended iron intake.The energy intake in the 1st,2nd,3rd,4th week after birth and at discharge was (13.2 ± 14.8) kcal/(kg · d) (1 kcal =4.184 kJ),(46.0 ± 32.6) kcal/(kg · d),(62.2 ± 38.1) kcal/(kg · d),(71.3 ± 38.2) kca]/(kg · d) and (105.3 ± 32.1) kcal/(kg · d),which accounted for 11.0％,38.3％,51.8％,59.4％ and 87.8％ of the recommended intake,respectively.Lower enteral iron and energy intake after birth occurred in the premature infants with lower birth weight,especially those with anemia who had significantly lower enteral iron intake than the normal neonates in the first 2 weeks after birth.Conclusions Enteral iron and energy intake among premature neonates were insufficient,especially during the first 2 weeks after birth.It is necessary to develop and implement more effective nutritional support to improve the nutritional status of premature infants.