Obesity is a common cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Recently,the morbidity of NAFLD has increased rapidly worldwide,associated with obesity prevalence.NAFLD,metabolic syndrome(MS)and insulin resistance are closely related.The increase in weight,especially in visceral fat tissue,was the highest risk factor to cause NAFLD and MS,and for their progress.To NAFLD patients,the only effective measure is weight reduction,including reasonable diet and aerobic exercise.Moreover,a sound mentality and behavior are the key factors of the treatment of NAFLD.On the other hand,the literature lacks well-designed,randomized control trials that assess the efficacy of anti-obesity drug and weight-loss surgery on the long-term outcomes of NAFLD.

n admixtures are summarized.

Objective To investigate the effect of nutritional therapy for an infant with short bowel syndrome (SBS) who had jejuno-colostomy. Methods An individualized nutritional support before and after the closure of jejunum colostomy was provided to a 3-month-old girl with SBS who had jejuno-colostomy so as to find out its influence on prognosis. Results Paren-teral nutrition is a life-saving therapy for infants with SBS. The proper enteral nutrition can improve intestinal tolerance and re-duce the incidence of postoperative complications, and improve outcomes of SBS infants. Conclusions Appropriate nutrition therapy is important to reduce the complications and improve the prognosis of SBS infants.

Anemia is one of the most common disease in premature infants,it not only affects growth and development,but also have long-term impact on the future movement,cognition,learning ability and behavioral development,and most of mental harms nor reversible even though after iron supplementation.So,supplementation with intravenous iron will be a good approach to prevent and treatment with anemia for oral iron supplementations invalid or intolerant infants.Currently,safety and start time for iron supplementation in preterm infants remains controversial.This review focuses on the efficacy and safety of intravenous iron for prevent and treatment of iron deficiency anemia in preterm infants.

Extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) in premature infant is a common problem in the world. The reasons for high EUGR rate, such as declining gestational age and birth weight, getting more medical treatment and examination or interruption of nutritional support, had been profoundly studied. However, there are few reports about the limited ability of intakes of energy and various nutrients and the updating of the growth standard curve . Research suggested that the average time taken to reach the recommended fat intake in preterm infants is proximately day 6 after birth, protein day 4 after birth, carbohydrate one-week after birth. Vitamins and trace elements are usually not able to or take a long time to reach the recommended nutrient intake. Without enough intake of energy and nutrients to maintain the need of intrauterine growth rate and catch-up growth in preterm infants, EUGR cannot be improved. In this paper, the EUGR and the intake of important nutrients, such as energy, fat, protein, vitamins and minerals, etc., during hospitalization were reviewed in hope to achieve more rational and standardized management for preterm infant,and provide more reasonable advise to control EUGR.

More studies have shown that dietary calcium intake can decrease the incidence of metabolic syndrome. Milk consumption in childhood and the habit of milk drinking are positively correlated with bone mineral density in adult-hood. This article summarizes the relationship between dietary calcium and bone mineral density and obesity-related metabolic disorder in children.

Objective To investigate urinary iodine and dietary iodine intake in adults, and to ana-lyze the relationship of urinary iodine and daily dietary iodine intakes with thyroid nodules.Methods To-tally 30 participants with nutritional background were enrolled prospectively from January to March 2015 in Shanghai.The 3-day survey of 24-hour's diet record was made using weighting method to evaluate the daily nutrient intakes.On the second and third days of dietary records, urine samples in fasting status and 2 hours after meals were collected from all the participants (n=240).The levels of urine iodine were meas-ured, and dietary iodine intake calculated.3-month food frequency questionnaire was completed and thy-roid ultrasonography performed.Results The median urinary iodine ( MUI) of fasting and 2 h postprandi-al urine samples was 137.56 μg/L ( 91.4-211.5 μg/L) .The portions of participants with iodine insuf-ficiency, iodine adequate, and iodine above requirements or excess were 20.2%, 56.7%, and 23.3%, respectively.Inter-individual MUI varied from 36.31 μg/L to 359.20 μg/L.No significant difference was found between the fasting urinary iodine and 2 h postprandial urinary iodine ( P=0.389 ) .The average di-etary iodine intake was (197.2 ±74.2) μg/d, and the proportions from iodine salt and drinking water were 70.2% and 5.4%, respectively.There was a significant positive correlation between dietary iodine intake and urinary iodine value of the same day (r=0.426, P=0.019).Participants with thyroid nod-ules had higher urinary iodine than participants without thyroid nodules [ ( 194.0 ±101.5 ) μg/L vs. (135.7 ±72.9) μg/L, P<0.001].Conclusions Inter-individual iodine nutritional status are signifi-cantly different under natural living status.Increased urinary iodine may be related with thyroid nodules. Repeat random urine iodine test combined dietary assessment may reduce the error in evaluating individual iodine nutritional status.

Objective To investigate the association between activity energy expenditure ( AEE ) and body composition in school-age children.Methods A total of 62 students ( Grades 3 and 4, aged 8 -10 years) from a primary school in Shanghai were enrolled in this study .AEE was estimated with a metabolic cart (energy metabolism determination system ).Body composition (body mass, body mass index, fat percentage, fat mass, fat-free mass, fat mass index, fat-free mass index, obesity degree) was evaluated by bioelectrical im-pedance analysis .The above indicators were compared between obese and non-obese students .Results There were no statistically significant differences in exercise time , total AEE and relative AEE between obese and non-obese boys [ (9.70 ±1.91) min vs.(10.00 ±1.97) min, t=0.336, P=0.739; (198.74 ±53.33) kJ vs.(171.54 ±41.75) kJ, t =-1.422, P =0.165; (0.46 ±0.09) kJ/(min· kg) vs.(0.51 ± 0.04) kJ/(min· kg), t=2.043, P=0.051], while obese boys had higher absolute AEE than non-obese boys [(20.06 ±3.14) kJ/min vs.(16.93 ±1.85) kJ/min, t=-2.910, P=0.007].Obese girls had shor-ter exercise time and lower relative AEE than non-obese girls [ (7.35 ±3.05) min vs.(9.98 ±1.82) min, t=2.509, P=0.027;(0.41 ±0.09) kJ/(min· kg) vs.(0.51 ±0.07) kJ/(min· kg), t=3.244, P=0.003 ] , whereas there were no statistically significant differences in total AEE and absolute AEE between obese and non-obese girls [ (129.29 ±71.13) kJ vs.(161.50 ±35.38) kJ, t =1.351, P =0.203; (16.82 ± 3.26) kJ/min vs.(16.17 ±2.00) kJ/min, t=-0.676, P=0.504].After controlling for age and gender, absolute AEE was significantly positively correlated with body mass index ( P=0.015 ) , obesity degree ( P=0.010), fat mass (P=0.047), fat-free mass (P=0.010), and fat-free mass index (P=0.003) in boys, but not in girls.Relative AEE was significantly negatively correlated with body mass index ( boys: P =0.000, girls: P=0.000), obesity degree (boys: P=0.002, girls: P=0.000), fat percentage (boys:P=0.000, girls:P=0.001), fat mass (boys:P=0.000, girls:P=0.000), fat-free mass (boys: P=0.002 , girls: P=0.022 ) , and fat mass index ( boys: P=0.000 , girls: P =0.000 ) in both boys and girls.Conclusions In obese children, AEE is correlated with body composition, with relative AEE reducing as obesity degree increasing.There may be complex relationships among body size , body composition, and energy metabolism in children.

Objective To describe aerobic capacity and body composition of school-aged children in Shanghai and explore the potential relationship between body composition and aerobic capacity.Methods Totally 63 school-aged children in Shanghai were measured for height,weight,fat percentage (FAT％),and fat-free mass (FFM).Body composition was estimated from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA).Body mass index (BMI),fat mass index (FMI),and fat-free mass index (FFMI) were calculated.Aerobic capacity (VO2max and the maximum oxygen pulse) were measured using the COSMED fitmate metabolic systems (combined heart rate and cycling test).Results The boys who were obese or overweight had both higher absolute value of VO2max and lower relative values of VO2max than other boys [(1 038.50 ± 157.93) ml/min vs (923.90±82.03) ml/min,F=4.812,P=0.005; (23.62±4.22) ml/ (kg· min) vs (27.75 ±2.41) ml/ (kg · min),F =5.633,P =0.002].The girls who were obese or overweight tended to have higher absolute value of VO2max [(966.70 ± 131.22) ml/min vs (892.55 ± 108.71) ml/min] and lower relative values of VO2 max [(23.84 ± 4.30) ml/ (kg · min) vs (28.09 ± 4.52) ml/ (kg · min)] than other girls.After controlling for age,the relative VO2max values were negatively associated with body mass index (BMI),degree of obesity,FAT％,FM,FFM,FMI,FFMI (boys:r =-0.675,P ＜ 0.000 1 ; r =-0.634,P＜0.000 1; r=-0.667,P＜0.000 1; r=-0.726,P＜0.000 1; r=-0.594,P＜0.000 1;r=-0.686,P＜0.000 1; r=-0.456,P=0.010; girls:r=-0.651,P ＜0.000 1; r=-0.552,P=0.002; r=-0.527,P=0.003; r=-0.633,P＜0.000 1; r=-0.520,P=0.004; r=-0.579,P=0.001 ; r =-0.597,P =0.001).In boys,the maximum oxygen pulse was positively correlated with BMI,FFM,and FFMI (r =0.358,P=0.048; r =0.543,P=0.002; r =0.554,P=0.001); in girls,the maximum oxygen pulse was positively correlated with FFM and FFMI (r =0.378,P =0.043 ; r =0.449,P =0.014).Conclusions Aerobic capacity is associated with body composition in school-aged children.Higher degree of obesity is associated with poorer aerobic capacity.Maximum oxygen pulse is also associated with FFM.

Objective To survey the nutritional status and nutritional knowledge,attitude and practice (KAP) of primary and middle school teachers in Shanghai,and to study the possible correlation of nutritional KAP with overweight/obesity and obesity-related complications.Method Using stratified cluster random sampling,a questionnaire survey was conducted among 544 hygiene teachers and 150 non-hygiene teachers selected from all primary and middle schools in all districts in Shanghai,investigating the nutritional status and nutritional KAP in this population.Results The prevalence of overweight/obesity and obesity-related complications were significantly lower in hygiene teachers than in non-hygiene teachers (19.81％ vs.38.15％,t =22.303,P=0.000; 18.6％ vs.26.39％,t =4.156,P=0.047).The attitude score was the highest among the 3 surveyed parts,significantly higher than the lowest,which was practice score (hygiece teachers:91.76 ±13.66 vs.74.42±11.61,t=14.595,P=0.000; non-hygiene teachers:85.67 ±18.77 vs.69.88 ±13.30,t =25.400,P =0.000).Hygiene teachers scored significantly higher than non-hygiene teachers in all the 3 parts of KAP (knowledge:84.43 ± 11.98 vs.75.73 ± 16.82,t =5.822,P =0.000; attitude:91.76 ± 13.66 vs.85.67±18.77,t =3.640,P=0.000; practice:74.42 ±11.61 vs.69.88 ±13.30,t =4.030,P=0.000).There was no correlation between the teachers' body mass index and KAP scores,nor between obesityrelated complications and knowledge or attitude scores,while obesity-related complications was found correlated with practice score and KAP score (t =-0.146,P =0.005 ; t =-0.105,P =0.043).Conclusions The nutritional status of teachers in Shanghai primary and middle schools is associated with their nutritional KAP.There is a correlation between obesity-related complications and practice score.Hygiene teachers have better nutritional KAP compared with non-hygiene teachers.