OBJECTIVE:To analyze the regularity and characteristics of adverse drug reactions (ADR) occurred in our hospital. METHODS:A total of 208 ADR cases (207 cases were valid) reported by clinical departments of our hospital were analyzed statistically in respect of patients' age and sex,routes of administration,causal relationship assessment and extent of ADR,ADR types and clinical manifestations,etc. RESULTS:Of the 207 valid ADR cases,38.65% of them aged between 30 and 49; intravenous route accounted for 87.92% in terms of the incidence rate of ADR; anti-infective drug accounted for 53.62%. The most common clinical manifestations of ADR were the lesions of skin and its appendants,which accounted for 59.91%. CONCLUSION:Anti-infective drugs and intravenously injected drugs should be used rationally to reduce the incidence of ADR.

To investigate the relationship between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and syndrome types of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in posthepatitis B cirrhosis.

Objective:To investigate relationship between AdeABC efflux pump and resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii against carbapenem.Methods:Carbapenem-resistant strains were acquired from multistep selection resistance test by meropenem in vitro.The quantitation test for sensitivities of strains before and after induction was determined by the E-test,and carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) inhibition test was used to screen efflux pump.PCR,sequencing analysis,or real-time PCR was used to analyze the changes of regulatory genes adeR and adeS of the AdeABC efflux pump system,or expressions of adeA,adeB,adeR,and adeS in the strains before and after induction,respectively.Results:The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of meropenem were at 0.38 μg/mL and 0.25 μg/mL in parental sensitive strain S25595 and S7257,respectively,and the MICs of meropenem for both S25595 and S7257 after induction were more than 32 μg/mL.Compared with parental sensitive strains,the expression level of adeA,adeB,adeR,and adeS mRNA were elevated from 2.45 to 9.44 times,but there were no gene mutations or insertion sequences in the regulatory gene adeS and adeR.Conclusion:High expression of the AdeABC efflux pump system in Acinetobacter baumannii is closely associated with meropenem resistance,The upregulation of adeA and adeB expression is not due to gene mutations in the regulatory gene adeS and adeR and other mechanisms might account for it.

Objective To investigate the drug resistant mechanism and homology of three strains of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (K.pneumoniae) isolated from different sites of one patient.Methods Three strains of carbapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae were isolated from femoral vein catheter tip,wound secretions and sputum of a patient with severe burns,respectively.Their carbapenemase,metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) and drug resistance genes were detected by modified Hodge test,double-disk synergy test and combination disk diffusion and PCR,respectively,and homology and biological typing were analyzed by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR) assay and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) technology,respectively.Results The carbapenemase and MBL of three strains of carbapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae were negative and positive,respectively.The blaNDM-1 gene was identified from the three strains,but other drug resistance genes such as blanC,blaGES,blaIMP,blaSPM,blaVIM,blaGIM and blaOXA-48 were not detected.ERIC-PCR showed that three isolates belonged to the same genotype,and MLST showed that they were type ST17.Conclusion Carring blaNDM-1 gene is the main cause leading to the drug resistance of three strains of carbapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae,and they belong to the same genotype.

Objective: To provide the evidence for tuberculosis pvevalence for high school freshmen by analyzing data of entrance physical exarnination of Chongqing in 2018. Methods: The TB information management system of schools in Chongqing was used to collect the data of TB physical examination for high school freshmen in 2018. Excel 2007 was used to establish database, SPSS 25.0 software was used for statistical analysis, including descriptive analysis, chi square test. Results: In 2018, a total of 118 370 freshmen from 146 general education high schools and a total of 30 842 freshmen from 30 secondary vocational schools had TB screening during physical examination for freshmen. The proportion of school and freshmen participating in the TB examination was 40.09% and 44.28% respectively. The rates of school (57.03%) and freshmen (58.81%) participating in the examination of tuberculosis in senior high school students of general education were higher than those in secondary vocational education schools(16.39%, 22.73%), the difference was statistically significant(χ2=73.38, 42 744.64, P<0.01). 84 cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis (APTB) were detected in the physical examination of high school freshmen, mainly smear negative patients (92.86%)，and there was no significant difference in the prevalence of tuberculosis among the freshmen with different education, school and screening methods(P>0.05). The detection rates of TB among freshmen in general education and vocational education were 49.00/100 000 and 54.62/100 000 respectively. The detection rates of tuberculosis among freshmen in public schools and private schools were 50.29/100 000 and 124.88/100 000 respectively(χ2=5.42, 10.92, P<0.05). The detection rate of direct chest X-ray examination was 62.90/100 000. The first screening method was PPD test and the detection rate of chest X-ray examination was 84.30/100 000 for those with strong positive PPD test, the differences was no significant(χ2=0.29, P>0.05). Conclusion The tuberculosis screening program for high school freshmen is of great significance to the prevention and control of tuberculosis. Effective screening methods should be adopted and strengthened in secondary vocational schools.

OBJECTIVETo develop a GC method to determine the content of caryophyllene in Eupatorium fortune.

METHODThe samples were determined on a DB-1701 (0.32 mm x 30 m, 0.25 microm) quartz capillary column. And the sample was extracted with ethanol by the ultrasonic assisted extraction.

RESULTThe calibration curve of caryophyllene is liner over the range of 0.002-2.0 g x L (-1) (R2 = 1). The recovery was from 96.76% to 104.15%.

CONCLUSIONThe method is accurate, simple with a good reproducibility. It can be used to control the quality of E. fortune.

Objective To investigate the influencing factors involved in the establishment of a C57BL/6 J model of metastatic melanoma in the lung,including the way of tumor inoculation,the number of inoculated cells and the time of tumor formation. Methods Mouse melanoma B16F10 cells were cultured in vitro. 1)Eighteen healthy male C57BL/6 J mice were randomly divided into three groups. Mice in each group received 100 μL cell suspension(including 3 ×106 melanoma cells)via intravenous,intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injection,respectively. After two weeks,the mice were killed and dissected,and the tumor growth and metastasis were observed. 2)Eighteen male mice were randomly divided into three groups. Mice in each group were injected with 3 ×106cells,1 ×106cells, and 3 ×105cells through the tail vein,respectively. After two weeks,mice were killed and dissected,and the tumor growth and metastasis were observed. 3)Eighteen male mice were randomly divided into three groups. Mice in each group were injected with 1×106cells though the tail vein. Mice were killed and dissected after one week, two weeks and three weeks, respectively. The growth and metastasis of tumor were observed. Results 1)The success rate of lung metastasis was 100% in the mice with intravenous injection,but not in mice receiving intraperitoneal injection and subcutaneous injection. 2)The size of metastatic melanoma nodules were moderate in mice inoculated by 1 ×106cells. The number of melanoma metastatic foci was too high in the mice inoculated with 3 ×106cells,but too low in the mice inoculated with 3 ×105cells. 3)Significant metastatic melanoma foci were observed in the mice killed and dissected after two weeks with no death. The number of melanoma foci in the lung was too high in the mice killed after three weeks,while was too low in the mice killed at one week after tumor cell inoculation. Conclusions Intravenous injection of 1×106mouse melanoma cells into C57BL/6 J mice and killed after two weeks is an optimal method for establishment of a mouse model of metastatic melanoma in the lung, and is worth of recommendation.

OBJECTIVE: To survey antibiotic resistance of clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in Changsha and to investigate molecular epidemiological characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. METHODS: A total of 205 non-duplicated, clinical isolates of Acinetabacter baumannii from 10 general hospitals in Changsha were collected from March 2010 to December 2010. The K-B disk diffusion method was applied for the drug-susceptibility test; a modified, double-disk synergy test was used to detect metallo-β-lactamase (MBL), and a modified Hodge test was used for the screening of carbapenemase. PCR was used to amplify carbapenemase genes (including OXA-23, OXA-24, OXA-51, IMP-1, and VIM-2) and the positive products were sequenced. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) was used for DNA typing and test of homology. RESULTS: Of the 18 antibiotics tested, 14 had a high rate of resistance (>50% of the isolates tested), with piperacillin the highest (80.5% of strains), and cefoperazone/sulbactam the lowest (2.5%). In total, 115 carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains were confirmed, but their MBL phenotype and genes were all negative. Seventy-one positive strains were detected by the modified Hodge test, among which 64 strains were OXA-23-positive. All the 115 strains were positive for the amplification of the OXA-51 gene, and no strain was found which carried OXA-24 or OXA-58 gene. Seven genomic types were included in the 115 Acinetobacter baumannii. The major prevalence types were Type B ( 72 strains) and Type A (19 strains). CONCLUSION Multiple drug resistance of clinically isolated Acinetobacter baumannii is a serious problem in Changsha. Production of OXA-23 and OXA-51 carbapenemases is an important mechanism of resistance to carbapenem antibiotics, and there is prevalence of the same clones in these carbapenem-resistant strains.
Acinetobacter Infections ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Acinetobacter baumannii ; drug effects ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Carbapenems ; pharmacology ; China ; epidemiology ; DNA, Bacterial ; genetics ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; genetics ; Humans ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Piperacillin ; pharmacology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods

This article reports a case of Fournier gangrene after transrectal biopsy of the prostate. A 69-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital for dysuria. The preoperative diagnosis was bladder stones and suspicious prostate cancer. During the same time, the patient underwent transurethral holmium laser lithotripsy and transrectal prostate biopsy. Fournier gangrene occurred on the second day after the operation. After active treatment such as upgraded antibiotics and debridement of the scrotum and perineum, the condition was controlled. The perineal wound healed 2 months later without secondary suture. Perioperative transurethral examination should be avoided during transrectal prostate biopsy. To avoid delayed diagnosis and treatment, it is necessary to improve the understanding of postoperative complications of Fournier's gangrene.

ObjectiveTo investigate the cardioprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg₂ in regulating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin （PI3K/Akt/mTOR） signaling pathway following acute myocardial infarction （AMI） in rats. Methods（1） Cellular experiment： Cardiomyocytes were isolated from 24-hour-old Sprague-Dawley （SD） neonatal rats and subjected to primary culture. An in vitro model of cardiomyocytes under an ischemic-hypoxic microenvironment was established. Cardiomyocytes were pretreated with ginsenoside Rg₂ （1， 2， 3 mg·L^-1） for 4 hours， then placed in RPMI 1640 serum-free medium and cultured for 24 hours in a three-gas incubator （94% N₂， 5% CO₂， 1% O₂）. The survival rate of cardiomyocytes was assessed using the methyl thiazolyl terazolium （MTT） assay. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） leakage， superoxide dismutase （SOD）， glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px） activity， and malondialdehyde （MDA） content in the cell culture supernatant were measured using spectrophotometry. （2） Animal experiment： Specific-pathogen-free （SPF） SD rats were used to establish an AMI model using the Olivette method combined with previous studies. Rats that survived 24 hours post-surgery were randomly divided into a model group and ginsenoside Rg₂ high-， medium-， and low-dose groups. The normal and model groups received normal saline， while the ginsenoside Rg₂ groups were administered intragastrically at doses of 8， 4， and 2 mg·kg^-1， once daily for 3 days. The levels of SOD， MDA， and GSH-Px in myocardial tissues were detected. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was assessed using the TdT-mediated dUTP biotin nick end labeling （TUNEL） assay. The mRNA and protein expression levels of PI3K， Akt， mTOR， p62， nuclear factor-κB p65 （NF-κB p65）， and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 （LC3） Ⅱ/Ⅰ in myocardial tissues were analyzed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） and Western blot. Pathological changes in the infarct border zone were observed under a light microscope. Results（1） Cellular experiment： Compared with the normal group， the model group exhibited a significantly decreased cardiomyocyte survival rate， as well as reduced SOD and GSH-Px activity， whereas LDH activity and MDA content were significantly increased （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， ginsenoside Rg₂ intervention significantly increased cardiomyocyte survival， SOD activity， and GSH-Px activity， while reducing LDH activity and MDA content （P<0.05） in a dose-dependent manner. Pathological examination revealed that ginsenoside Rg₂ alleviated infarct size， myocardial degeneration， and necrosis， while significantly reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis. （2） Animal experiment： Compared with the normal group， the model group exhibited significantly lower SOD and GSH-Px activity （P<0.05） and higher MDA content （P<0.05） in myocardial tissues. Compared with the model group， all ginsenoside Rg₂ groups showed significantly increased SOD and GSH-Px activity （P<0.05） and reduced MDA content （P<0.05）. Compared with the normal group， the model group exhibited significantly decreased mRNA and protein expression levels of PI3K， Akt， mTOR， p62，and LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ，whereas the expression levels of NF-κB p65 were significantly increased （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the ginsenoside Rg₂ groups showed significantly increased PI3K， Akt， mTOR， and p62 expression， while NF-κB p65 expression levels were significantly decreased （P<0.05） in a dose-dependent manner，the mRNA and protein expression levels of LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ in ginsenoside Rg₂ high-dose groups were significantly increased（P<0.05）. ConclusionGinsenoside Rg₂ exerts cardioprotective effects following AMI in rats， potentially through the regulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR-related protein expression.