Objectives:To study the ultrasonogram, diagnosis and significance of testicular microlithiasis (TM). Methods:The clinical data and ultrasonographic outcomes of 97 patients with the genital system diseases were retrospectively analyzed. Results:Five patients with TM were found, and the prevalence of TM is 5.2%. of 5 cases, 2 cases were associated with infertility, 1 cases with orchitis,1 case with seminoma, and 1 case with mature teratoma. Three cases with varicocele,2 cases with atrophic testis, 1 case with hydrocele and 1 case with spermatocele, were found out with the use of a high frequency transducer. The sonographic appearance of TM is multiple tiny(1-3 mm),no acoustic shadowing hyperechoic foci that are randomly scattered throughout the testicular parenchyma. Conclusions:Testicular microlithiasis has been associated with a variety of clinical entities, and it is an uncommon condition in which calcified concretions fill the lumen of seminiferous tubule, commonly diagnosed by high frequency (5～10 MHz ) testicular ultrasound. The accepted standard of TM is multiple small nonshadowing hyperechoic foci up to 3 mm in size, with five or more evident on a single sonogram.

Objective To study PTEN protein expression and clinical significance in patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Methods Immunohistochemical staining was used to determine the PTEN protein expression in 40 cases of primary diffuse large B lymphoma tissuse. The results were analyzed by Kaplan-Merie survival analysis, Log-Rank test and Logistic regression analysis. Results PTEN protein was positive in 16 cases and negative in 24 cases. There was no significant difference between two groups in twoyear overall survival rate(62.5 % vs 66.7 %, P >0.05). Survival analysis showed that patient' s survival time gradually were reduced with extended time between PTEN protein-positive group and negative group, lower in PTEN-positive group than the negative group, but there was no significant difference in survival curve (P >0.05) in the two groups. We compared characteristics of patients between PTEN protein positive and negative groups,including molecular type, patient' s age, stage, LDH, physical score and extranodular invasion, there was no significant difference among them. PTEN protein was not correlated with prognosis, while International Prognosis Index(IPI) was still a risk factor (OR >1). Conclusion PTEN protein expression may not predict the outcome in diffuse large B cell lymphoma, but IPI still is a predictor.

Objective To discuss the clinical and pathological characteristics, treatment results and prognosis of primary parotid malignant lymphoma. Methods Pathological subtypes, clinical stages and treatment of the 24 patients with primary parotid malignant lymphoma were retrospectively analysed. Kaplan-Meier method was used in the survival analysis and Log-Rank method was used in the statistic study. Results The 5-year progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 79.2 % and 83.3 %, respectively. The 5-year PFS and OS were 89.5 % and 94.7 % for 19 patients with low-grade malignant lymphoma (including MALTL and Ⅰ/Ⅱ grade FL). The differences of the 5-year PFS and OS of 9 patients received chemotherapy and of 10 patients with on chemotherapy had no statistical significance. Conclusion The incidence of primary parotid malignant lymphoma is low, at earlier clinical stage, and most of its pathological subtype were B-cell low-grade malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Surgery and/or radiotherapy should be the first choice for patients with early stage low-grade malignant lymphoma, whereas combined modality therapy was probably the best choice for patients with DLBCL.

Objective A preliminary study on a new discovered proteomic fingerprint correlated with anxiety disorders, which M/Z range from 15000 to 16800. Methods 221 cases of neoplasm patients from April of 2004 to now were divided into anxious group and non-anxious group according to their scores using self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), and all the patients' sera were detected utilizing SELDI-TOF-MS. The data were analyzed with supported softwares. Results Compared the mass spectra of anxious group(n=49) and non-anxious group (n=172), 2 clusters were captured which M/Z range from 15 000 to 15 380 and 15 700 to 16 800 respectively. The coincidence with SAS was 75.51%. The M/Z range from 15 700 to 16 800 was the most frequent, then the second range from 15 000 to 15 380 and 15 700 to 16 800 which was doublet cluster, the least range from 15 000 to 15 380. The same fingerprints were captured in non-anxious group and their intensity was different. Conclusion The M/Z range from 15 000 to 16 800 was protein fingerprint correlated with anxiety disorders.

Objective To analyze the misdiagnosis reasons in renal tumors with contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and to improve cognition on CEUS. Methods Two-hundred and eighty-five cases were compared with pathology, the images in 22 cases misdiagnosed on CEUS were reviewed retrospectively and the reasons were analyzed. Results The diagnosis accuracy and misdiagnosis rate of CEUS were 92. 28 % (263/285) and 7. 72%(22/285), respectively. In these 22 cases, 9 cases misdiagnosed as renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were conformed by pathology as renal angiomyolipoma(RAMD), showed 5 cases "fast wash-in and fast wash-out", 4 cases "fast wash-in and slowly wash-out". Seven cases were conformed as RCC, in which 5 were misdiagnosed as RAML, showed 4 cases "fast wash-in and slowly wash-out", 1 cases "simultaneously wash-in and simultaneously wash-out", and 2 were misdiagnosed as renal cyst with no enhancement founded. Four cases misdiagnosed as hematoma were conformed as pyelo-carcinoma, with no enhancement founded in renal pelvis. The remaining 2 cases misdiagnosed as inflammatory pseudotumor were conformed as RCC, showed "fast wash-in and slowly wash-out". Conclusions With the high diagnosis accuracy,CEUS is an important method in diagnosis of renal tumors. Analyzing the misdiagnosed reasons may improve the cognition on CEUS and decrease the misdiagnosis.

Small-molecule anticancer drugs inhibited tumor growth based on targeted inhibition of specific proteins, while most of oncogenic proteins are "undruggable". Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTAC) is an attractive and general strategy for treating cancer based on targeted degradation of oncogenic proteins. This review briefly describes the peptide-based PTOTAC and small molecule-based PROTAC. Subsequently, we summarize the development of targeted delivery of PROTAC, such as targeting molecule-mediated targeted delivery of PROTAC, nanomaterial-mediated targeted delivery of PROTAC and controllable activation of small-molecular PROTAC prodrug. Such strategies show potential application in improving tumor selectivity, overcoming off-target effect and reducing biotoxicity. At the end, the druggability of PROTAC is prospected.
Humans ; Proteolysis Targeting Chimera ; Nanostructures ; Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Proteolysis