SUMMARY This case report concerns a 23-year-old woman with chronic periodontitis who had been pre-viously diagnosed with Takayasu arteritis ( TA ) .Her erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( ESR ) and C-reactive protein ( CRP) level were decreased before and 3 months after non-surgical periodontal therapy with no change in her prescribed medications (ESR from 31.00 mm/h to 23.0 mm/h, CRP from 21.40 mg/L to 18.46 mm/h).Through the occasional findings , we raised a hypothetical analysis about the po-tential relationship between periodontitis and TA with respect to inflammatory factors , bacteria and medi-cation.Further studies of large samples are needed to verify the findings .

Objective:To analyze the plaque staining image by using image analysis software,to verify the maneuverability,practicability and repeatability of this technique,and to evaluate the influence of different plaque stains.Methods:In the study,30 volunteers were enrolled from the new dental students of Peking University Health Science Center in accordance with the inclusion criteria.The digital images of the anterior teeth were acquired after plaque stained according to filming standardization.The image analysis was performed using Image Pro Plus 7.0,and the Quigley-Hein plaque indexes of the anterior teeth were evaluated.Results:The plaque stain area percentage and the corresponding dental plaque in-dex were highly correlated,and the Spearman correlation coefficient was 0.776 (P<0.01 ).Intraclass correlation coefficients of the tooth area and plaque area which two researchers used the software to calcu-late were 0.956 and 0.930 (P<0.01).The Bland-Altman analysis chart showed only a few spots outside the 95%consistency boundaries.The different plaque stains image analysis results showed that the diffe-rence of the tooth area measurements was not significant,while the difference of the plaque area measure-ments significant (P<0.01).Conclusion:This method is easy in operation and control,highly related to the calculated percentage of plaque area and traditional plaque index,and has good reproducibility.The different plaque staining method has little effect on image segmentation results.The sensitive plaque stain for image analysis is suggested.

Objective:To compare the proliferative and periodontal specific differentiation abilities of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) at different passages,and to investigate whether long term culturing would have a negative influence on their proliferation and specific differentiation capacity,thus providing a theoretical basis for further in-depth research on periodontal regeneration and the possible clinical applications of iPSCs.Methods:IPSCs derived from human gingival fibroblasts at passages 5,10,15 and 20 were recovered and cultured in vitro.Their morphology and proliferation rates were observed respectively.We further induced the iPSCs at different passages toward periodontal tissue under the treatment of growth/differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) for 14 days through the EB routine,then compared the periodontal differentiation propensities between the different passages of iPSCs by detecting their calcified nodules formation by Alizarin red staining and assaying their relative periodontal tissue related marker expressions by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining,including bone related markers:osteocalcin (OCN),bone sialoprotein (BSP);periodontal ligament related markers:periostin,vimentin;and cementum related markers:cementum attachment protein (CAP),cementum protein 1 (CEMP1).The untreated spontaneous differentiation groups were set as negative controls respectively.Results:iPSCs at different passages all showed a high proliferative capacity when cultured in vitro and turned into a spindlelike shape similar to fibroblasts upon periodontal specific differentiation.All iPSCs formed typical calcified nodules upon GDF-5 induction by Alizarin red staining in comparison to their untreated controls.The relative calcium deposition at all passages had been significantly upgraded under the treatment of GDF-5 (P5:t =2.125,P =0.003;P10:t =2.246,P =0.021;P15:t =3.754,P =0.004;P20:t =3.933,P =0.002),but no significant difference in their calcium deposition were detected within passages 5,10,15 and 20 (periodontal differentiation:F =2.365,P =0.109;spontaneously differentiation:F =2.901,P =0.067).Periodontal tissue related marker expressions of iPSCs at all passages had also been significandy upgraded under the treatment of GDF-5 (P ＜ 0.05),but still,no significant difference in their expression levels of periodontal tissue related proteins were detected within passages (BSP:F =0.926 7,P=0.450;vimentin:F=0.917 1,P=0.455;CEMP1:F=2.129,P=0.1367).Conclusion:Our results preliminarily confirmed that long term culturing won't influence the proliferation capacity and periodontal specific differentiation propensity of iPSCs,as they can still proliferate and differentiate toward periodontal cells with high efficiency upon growth factor induction after continuous passaging.Therefore,iPSCs could be recognized as a promising cell source for future possible application in periodontal tissue regeneration.

Objective:To evaluate the effects of Er,Cr:YSGG laser on the root surface of periodontally involved teeth and healthy teeth,concerning the microstructure and the roughness.Methods:Eight freshly extracted teeth due to severe periodontitis and eight freshly extracted teeth due to orthodontic rea-sons or being third molar were chosen in this study.The root surface of each tooth was divided into four areas,and received four treatment methods:no treatment (control group );root planing with Gracey scaler for 30 seconds;irradiation by the lower power Er,Cr:YSGG laser;irradiation by the higher power Er,Cr:YSGG laser.Four periodontally involved teeth and four healthy teeth were used for the evaluation of microstructure using scanning electron microscope (SEM).The other four periodontitis teeth and four healthy teeth were used for the evaluation of roughness (Ra value )using 3 D profiler.Results:Smear layer was found on the teeth scaled by Gracey scaler,while the teeth irradiated by Er,Cr:YSGG laser demonstrated a melting surface with less smear layer.In the periodontitis teeth irradiated by the higher power,opening dentinal tubules could be observed.For the periodontally involved teeth,the Ra values of groups 1 to 4 were (237.4 ±20.0)nm,(1 35.7 ±1 1 .9)nm (P=0.01 ),(463.6 ±49.3)nm (P<0.001 )and (486.0 ±59.0)nm (P<0.001 )respectively.For the healthy teeth,the Ra values of groups 1 to 4 were (1 91 .4 ±44.5)nm,(1 31 .6 ±21 .5)nm (P=0.482),(463.7 ±34.6)nm (P<0.001 )and (470.3 ±1 21 .3)nm (P<0.001 )respectively.Conclusion:Er,Cr:YSGG laser can affect the microstructure of the cementum of the periodontitis teeth and healthy teeth.Irradiation by the Er,Cr:YSGG laser resulted in a melting surface with less smear layer and increased the roughness in the surface of root.

Medical diciplines have been gradually differentiated and specialized during its developement, and problems due to deep specialization have been increasingly apparent. Its performance is as follows: dental specialists tends to focus on a certain narrow area and ignore neither the patients as a whole existence nor the role of the environmental factors. In this article, the author tries to show the holistic integrative medicine (HIM) from the point of view of periodontal specialty. In fact, the pathogenesis, the differential diagnosis and the treatment of periodontal diseases along with the role of preventive dentistry and basic medicine for periodontology must be considered as a whole using the philosophy of HIM. The future development of periodontal specialty should absorb the achievements of other medical and dental diciplines. Periodontist should pay more attention to HIM. The author also gives some thoughts and suggestions on how to practice HIM in the field of periodontics.

Objective:To examine the association between macrophage migration inhibitory factor(MIF), Interleukin 6(IL-6), periodontal disease, and atherosclerosis in middle-aged and elderly individuals.Methods:This cross-sectional study enrolled 700 diabetic patients who were attending the endocrinology department of Beijing Hospital from January 2020 to December 2022.Out of these patients, 491 underwent a full-mouth periodontal examination.Among them, 106 were middle-aged and elderly.The study included 83 patients with complete data, aged between 45 and 70 years(mean age: 58.2±8.7 years).Among the included patients, 48 were male(57.8%)and 35 were female(42.2%).A questionnaire was administered to gather information about the patients, and serum levels of MIF and IL-6 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The relationship between serum MIF and IL-6 levels and periodontitis and atherosclerosis was evaluated through univariate and multifactorial analyses conducted on middle-aged and elderly individuals.Results:There were 66 cases(79.5%)in the periodontitis stage Ⅰ/Ⅱ group and 17 cases(20.5%)in the stage Ⅲ/Ⅳ group.The serum MIF levels in the two groups were(2, 312.5±795.0)ng/L and(2, 939.8±665.0)ng/L, respectively( P<0.01).Similarly, IL-6 levels were(3.5±3.0)ng/L and(6.7±6.1)ng/L in the two groups( P>0.05).The findings revealed that for each 1 ng/L increase in MIF serum levels, the risk of severe periodontitis and increased carotid intima-media thickness(cIMT)increased by 0.1%.Furthermore, for each 1 ng/L increase in serum MIF and IL-6 levels, the risk increased by 0.2% and 38.9% respectively.Serum MIF levels were found to be associated with atherosclerosis as well as with various factors related to periodontitis, including periodontal probing depth, bleeding index, clinical attachment level, periodontal probing depth≥4 mm sites, clinical attachment level≥5%, and bleeding index >2%(all P<0.05). Conclusions:This study investigates the correlation between MIF and IL-6 levels with Periodontal disease and Atherosclerosis in middle-aged and elderly individuals.

Objective: To investigate the influence of mechanical debridement on the subgingival microbiome in chronic periodontitis by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Methods: Patients with generalized moderate to severe chronic periodontitis were recruited into this study and received oral hygiene instruction and supragingival scaling. One week later, they received ultrasonic and manual subgingival scaling and root planning. Clinical parameters were recorded and subgingival plaques were sampled at baseline and 3 months and 6 months after treatment. The comprehensive profiles of the subgingival microbiome were analyzed by sequencing the V3-4 region of 16S rRNA with the Illumina MiSeq platform. Results : Alpha diversity analysis showed that the richness and diversity of the subgingival community were consistent before and after treatment, but a significant difference in community structure was detected only between baseline and month 3 by principal coordinates analysis (PCoA). After 3 months, the clinical parameter as probing depth (PD) decreased significantly and the relative abundances of the genera related to periodontitis such as Porphyromonas, Treponema, Tannerella, and Filifactor decreased significantly. Meanwhile, the relative abundances of the genera associated with periodontal health increased, such as Capnocytophaga, Kingella. Six months later, however, less genera related to periodontitis decreased significantly from the baseline level, such as Filifactor. PD decreased significantly compared with baseline, but increased significantly compared with 3 months after treatment. Conclusion Mechanical debridement alone could relieve periodontal inflammation and balance microbial dysbiosis and the greater efficacy occurred 3 months after treatment.

Objective: To investigate the impact of metabolic labeling on Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and compare the imaging effects of two fluorescent probes. Methods: This study was reviewed by the unit Ethics Committee and was approved by the Experimental Animal Welfare Ethics Branch of the Unit Experimental Biomedical Ethics Committee. Pg integrated N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (Ac4GalNAz) via a bioorthogonal reaction and was labeled with Cy5-DBCO or Cy7-DBCO via a click chemistry reaction. The bacteria were divided into Pg group (control, not fluorescently labeled), Cy5-Pg group (tagged by Cy5-DBCO), and Cy7-Pg group (tagged by Cy7-DBCO). A live/dead staining kit was applied to test the viability of Pg, Cy5-Pg, and Cy7-Pg. The mRNA levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 and cell proliferation were examined in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) after the challenge of Cy5-Pg, Cy7-Pg, or Pg. To investigate the stability of metabolic labeling, Cy5-Pg or Cy7-Pg was cocultured with Escherichia coli (E. coli). Cy5-Pg and Cy7-Pg signal intensity with serial dilutions were examined using an in vivo imaging system (IVIS). Finally, C57BL/6J mice were orally administered Cy5-Pg or Cy7-Pg for IVIS detection, and the signal-to-background ratios were calculated. Results : Metabolic labeling could be applied to label live Pg in vitro. The optimal labeling concentrations for Cy5 and Cy7 were 20 μmol/L and 30 μmol/L, respectively. The area ratios of live to dead bacteria were approximately 2.0 in the three groups (F = 0.318, P>0.05). After a 6-h challenge with Cy5-Pg, Cy7-Pg, or Pg, the mRNA levels of HGFs increased by 7.86-, 7.46-, and 6.56-fold for IL-6, respectively (F = 40.886, P<0.001) and 12.43-, 13.03-, and 13.71-fold for IL-8 (F = 18.781, P<0.01), were spectively, compared to that of the Ctrl group, which was not challenged by bacteria, where no significant differences were observed among the three groups (P>0.05). HGFs were further challenged by Cy5-Pg, Cy7-Pg, or Pg at different MOIs, and cell proliferation was significantly inhibited (MOI = 104∶1, F = 153.52, P<0.001; MOI = 105∶1, F = 331.21, P<0.001; MOI = 106∶1, F = 533.65, P<0.001), with no significant differences among the three groups (P>0.05). Within 24 h of co-culturing Cy5-Pg or Cy7-Pg with E. coli, minimal E. coli was detected. The intensities of Cy5 and Cy7 remained stable for 3 h. Additionally, the fluorescence signal intensities of Cy5 and Cy7 were linearly correlated with the concentration (R2 = 0.97). After oral gavage of Cy5-Pg or Cy7-Pg in mice for the abdominal region at 1 h and 3 h, the signal-to-background ratios of Cy7-Pg were approximately 4.24-fold (t = 6.893, P<0.01) and 3.77-fold (t = 4.407, P<0.05) higher, respectively, than those of Cy5-Pg. For the isolated gastrointestinal tracts at 3 h, the signal-to-background ratio of Cy7-Pg was 5.19-fold higher than that of Cy5-Pg (t = 4.418, P<0.05). Conclusions Metabolic labeling did not significantly affect viability, immunomodulatory ability, and toxicity. The imaging effect of Cy7 on IVIS was better than that of Cy5. Our study provided experimental evidence for the correlation between periodontitis and overall health.