Objective To investigate the prevalence of malnutrition in human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV )‐infected children in China , and to explore and analyze the factors associated with malnutrition .Methods A cross‐sectional study was conducted by the antiretroviral treatment database of children .HIV‐infected children aged between 0 - 15 years old who initiated antiretroviral treatment were collected between January 1st , 2010 and December 31st , 2014 . Z‐score of height and weight were calculated by WHO Anthro (plus) software .Univariate and multivariate Logistic model analyses were performed to determine the factors associated with acute /chronic/mixed malnutrition .Results Baseline data of the 3 138 HIV‐infected children showed that 1 645 patients (52 .42% ) had malnutrition before antiretroviral treatment ,with acute ,chronic and mixed malnutrition of 8 .76% (275) ,39 .77% (1 248) and 3 .89% (122) ,respectively according to the type of malnutrition .Multivariate analysis showed that baseline CD4 + cell count < 200 cells/μL was the risk factor associated with acute malnutrition (aOR =2 .27 ,95% CI :1 .68 - 3 .06) ;rural settings (aOR = 1 .30 ,95% CI :1 .11 - 1 .53) ,baseline CD4 + cell count < 200 cells/μL (aOR = 1 .98 ,95% CI :1 .65 - 2 .38) ,baseline CD4 + cell count between 200 to 350 cells/μL (aOR = 1 .38 ,95% CI :1 .13 - 1 .69) and having AIDS‐related diseases (aOR = 1 .34 ,95%CI :1 .13 - 1 .59) were risk factors associated with chronic malnutrition ;and age of 11 - 15 years (aOR =2 .38 ,95% CI :1 .46 - 3 .88) ,baseline CD4 + cell count < 200 cells/μL (aOR = 4 .99 ,95% CI :3 .04 -8 .21) and having AIDS‐related diseases (aOR = 2 .45 ,95% CI :1 .65 - 3 .66) were risk factors associated with mixed malnutrition .Conclusions The prevalence of malnutrition in untreated HIV‐infected children remains high .All three types of malnutrition are associated with immunodeficiency .Early diagnosis and early treatment should be improved in HIV‐infected children through antiviral therapy to reduce the destruction of HIV to immune system .At the same time ,intensified monitoring of the nutritional status and nourishing undernourished children should be strengthened to reduce the prevalence of malnutrition .

Objective To compare the dosimetry and treatment efficiency between a multi-ple partial volumetric-modulated arcs therapy (MP-VMAT)and double-arc volumetric modulated arc therapy (DA-VMAT)for patients with breast cancer mastecomy.Methods 19 patients with breast cancer treated by mastecomy and requiring postoperative radiotherapy were collected.MP-VMAT and DA-VMAT plans were applied for each patient respectively.Dosimetry parameters for target volume and organ of risks (OARs)were compared.Machine unite and delivery times were compared.Results MP-VMAT plans had a more uniform target dose distribution with average Conformation Index (CI )andHomogeneity Index (HI )of0 .5 6 and 1 .0 6 compared to 1 .0 6 and 1.14 of the DA-VMAT plans(P <0.05).MP-VMAT plans predicted a reduction of 5.53% in V20 of contralateral lung,3.74 Gy in mean dose,6.27% in V5 and 5.53% in V20 of ispleratal lung respectively (P <0.05).MP-VMAT plans predicted a reduction of 10.33% and 7.82% in V5 and V10 of heartrespectively (P <0.05),MP-VMAT plans predicted a reduction of 9.14%, 2.72% and 0.06% inV5,V10 and V15 of contralateral breast respectively (P <0.05)plans. However,MP-VMAT plans improved monitor units 7 4 5 .9 MU and treatment time 3 0 4 .6 s compared with DA-VMAT 524.4 MU and 196.7 s (P <0.05).Conclusion MP-VMAT plans generate more uniformity in the target dose and decreased the dose of most of organs of risk com-pared to the DA-VMAT,But improved monitor units and treatment time.In clinical application, different techniqies are chosen based on the situation of every patient.

Objective To compare the dosimetry and treatment efficiency between a multi-ple partial volumetric-modulated arcs therapy (MP-VMAT)and double-arc volumetric modulated arc therapy (DA-VMAT)for patients with breast cancer mastecomy.Methods 19 patients with breast cancer treated by mastecomy and requiring postoperative radiotherapy were collected.MP-VMAT and DA-VMAT plans were applied for each patient respectively.Dosimetry parameters for target volume and organ of risks (OARs)were compared.Machine unite and delivery times were compared.Results MP-VMAT plans had a more uniform target dose distribution with average Conformation Index (CI )andHomogeneity Index (HI )of0 .5 6 and 1 .0 6 compared to 1 .0 6 and 1.14 of the DA-VMAT plans(P <0.05).MP-VMAT plans predicted a reduction of 5.53% in V20 of contralateral lung,3.74 Gy in mean dose,6.27% in V5 and 5.53% in V20 of ispleratal lung respectively (P <0.05).MP-VMAT plans predicted a reduction of 10.33% and 7.82% in V5 and V10 of heartrespectively (P <0.05),MP-VMAT plans predicted a reduction of 9.14%, 2.72% and 0.06% inV5,V10 and V15 of contralateral breast respectively (P <0.05)plans. However,MP-VMAT plans improved monitor units 7 4 5 .9 MU and treatment time 3 0 4 .6 s compared with DA-VMAT 524.4 MU and 196.7 s (P <0.05).Conclusion MP-VMAT plans generate more uniformity in the target dose and decreased the dose of most of organs of risk com-pared to the DA-VMAT,But improved monitor units and treatment time.In clinical application, different techniqies are chosen based on the situation of every patient.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy,safety,and economy of 4 intravenous iron formulations in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia(IDA)by rapid health technology assessment,and to provide evidence for clinical decision-making.Methods PubMed,Embase,the Cochrane Library,CNKI,WanFang,SinoMed,and official websites of international health technology assessment agencies were electronically searched to collect health technology assessment reports,systematic reviews/Meta-analysis,and pharmacoeconomic studies concerning the treatment of IDA with iron sucrose(IS),iron dextran(ID),ferric carboxymaltose(FCM),and iron isomaltoside(IIM)from the inception to August 15,2024.Two researchers independently screened the studies,extracted data and assessed the quality of included studies.The results were then qualitatively described and analyzed.Results A total of 32 studies were included,including one health technology assessment report,16 systematic reviews/Meta-analysis,and 15 pharmacoeconomic evaluations.In terms of effectiveness,FCM had a higher response rate than that of IS(P＜0.05),FCM and IIM had no statistical difference(P＞0.05).Regarding hemoglobin level change,patients treated with FCM had higher hemoglobin levels than those treated with IS(P＜0.05);the improvement in hemoglobin levels between IIM and FCM was inconclusive.In terms of ferritin level change,FCM might be superior to the other three intravenous iron formulations.In terms of safety,the adverse event rates for FCM,IS,ID and IIM were 12.0％,15.3％,12.0％and 17.0％,respectively;IIM was significantly associated with a lower rate of cardiovascular adverse events compared to FCM and IS(P＜0.05);FCM had the highest rate of hypophosphatemia among the four formulations(P＜0.05),and there was no significant difference among IIM,IS and ID(P＞0.05);IIM had a lower risk of severe or serious hypersensitivity reactions compared to FCM and IS.In terms of economy,FCM and IIM had an economic advantage compared to IS.The economic efficiency ranking among IS,ID,and FCM was in the order of FCM,ID,and IS,the economic comparison between FCM and IIM remains inconclusive and needs to be further demonstrated.Conclusion FCM and IIM have good efficacy,safety and economy in the treatment of IDA,but most of the included economy studies based on foreign populations,and domestic economic studies need to be further demonstrated.