OBJECTIVE:To direct rational use of drugs in the clinic by applying pharmacokinetic theory.METHODS:A new formula practicable for clinic was derived by expanding and transforming the basic pharmacokinetic formula.A practical pharmacokinetic parameter table was established and from which the pharmacokinetic parameters needed by clinic were avail?able.RESULTS:With the help of practical pharmacokinetic parameter table,the rationality of clinical medication can be in?vestigated at any time.Combined with monitoring of blood concentration,personalized medicine can be realized.CONCLU?SION:The practical pharmacokinetic parameter table is an important tool in directing personalized medicine.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the best way of drug application&taking in pharmacy through computer.METH-ODS:Ratio ordering method was applied to the high and low limit setups of drug stocks.RESULTS:The timely and dynamic high and low limit data setups through computer has successfully overcome the drawbacks of those from manual labor,thus more scientific and rapid drug application&taking was available.CONCLUSION:Ratio ordering method deserves to be generalization and application in drug application&taking by computer.

Objective To explore the application of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) in the study of genetic diversity of Oncomelania hupensis. Methods A snail was taken at random from Dali region, Yunnan Province and Yueyang City, Hunan Province respectively, and DNA was drawn with guanidinium thiocyanate and resin et al. Genomic DNA was amplified selectively by the AFLP technique with 64 pairs of primers, and the polymorphism of PCR products was examined by SDS-PAGE. Results The number of AFLP markers was between 5 and 55 for a pair of primers. The average number of a pair of primers was 38.30 (95% CI 36.03-40.57) for the snail from Yunnan Province, and 39.14 (95% CI 36.71-41.57) for the one from Hunan Province. For a pair of primers, the number of amplified polymorphic markers was between 3 and 37, and the polymorphic rate was between 28.6% and 76.2%, the average, 23.67 (95% CI 22.12-25.22) and 47.36%(95 %CI 45.22%-49.50%), respectively. The average similarity between the two populations was 0.69 (95% CI 0.67-0.70). Conclusion The AFLP technique is a new path for classifying Oncomelania hupensis and studying the genetic diversity of it.[

Mathematical model has been increasingly applied in the description of the transmission of schistosomiasis, the prediction and selection of schistosomiasis prevention measures, and it has being developed constantly. This paper briefly introduces several typical mathematical models for transmission of schistosomiasis and summarizes their advancements.

Objective To study the curative effect of endoscopic dilatation in children with benign esophageal stricture. Methods 98 patients with benign esophageal stenosis from June 2013 to June 2016 were selected as the subjects of group A, group B and group C, 11 patients in group A were reflux esophageal stenosis, 43 children in group B were congenital esophageal atresia and in group C were 44 patients with chemical burn esophageal stricture. Then compare the three groups of children before the expansion of stenosis before the situation, the number of expansion and complications occurred. Results There was no significant difference in the average diameter of stenosis among the three groups (P > 0.05). The average length of the children in group C was higher than that in group A and group B, and group B was higher than group A, the difference was statistically significant (P > 0.05). The average number of expansion in group C was higher than that in group A and group B, and group B was higher than that in group A and group B higher than group A, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The incidence of complications in group C was higher than that in group A and B. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between group A and group B (P > 0.05). Conclusion Endoscopic dilatation has a good clinical effect on children with benign esophageal stricture, but children with chemical burn esophageal stricture need to be expanded more often, while the complications are higher and the treatment is more difficult.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the application of mixture design in the design of formulation.METHODS:Isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN) was used as model drug,and the formulation of ISMN sustained-release tablet was optimized by the mixture design.The optimized ISMN sustained-release tablets were compared with the ISMN sustained-release tablets in market in respect of the release rate in vitro.RESULTS:The comparison between the validating value and the target value of the optimized sample showed a similarity factor(f2) of 86.56,and there were no differences between the optimized sample and that in market in respect of the drug release in vitro.CONCLUSION:The mixture design is applicable for the optimization of formulation and it can be used to predict the drug release in vitro.

Objective To analyze the concentration, distribution and decreasing trend of niclosamide in soil through soil heaping mixed with niclosamide and the effect of Oncomelania control, and to explore the appropriate dosage for the 'heaping' method. Methods The soil samples were collected from six groups in Tezi township, Puge county, Sichuan Province, and the dosages were 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 and 0 g/m~2, respectively. After ultrasonic extraction, centrifugence and concentration, the samples were finally determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mortality rate of snails was observed after 3 days and 7 days. Results The standard error and range of niclosamide in soil were large. There was no significant difference in concentration of niclosamide between the surface layer and deep layer of soil (P>0.05). After 5 months, niclosamide still could be determined in groups of 4 g/m~2. The mortality rate of snails decreased as the concentration of niclosamide decreased (P<0.05). After 5 months, in the group of 4 g/m~2 dosage, the 3 and 7 days mortality rate of snails were 5.33% and 9.33% in the surface layer, higher than the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions The heaping method is an efficacious measure of controlling snails and its recommended dosage is 4 g/m~2.

ObjectiveTo investigate the dynamic changes of T helper (Th) responses and hepatic granuloma development during Schistosoma japonicum infection and to evaluate the possible correlation between the Th1/Th2 cytokines and pathological liver damage. MethodsSera from both Schistosoma japonicum infected C57BL/6 mice and uninfected controls were measured for interferongamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 at week 4, 6, 8 and 12 post-infection. At the same time, the splenic Th1/Th2 ratio was examined. The development of liver granulomas in infected mice was also observed and the correlation between the cytokines and granulomas were assessed. Wilcoxon test and Spearman rank correlation test were performed for data analysis. ResultsSerum IFN-γ level in infected mice was (2. 835±0. 049) lgpg/mL at week 4 post infection, which was significantly higher than that in controls [(1. 787 ± 0. 174) lgpg/mL, Z= - 2. 646, P = 0. 008]. Thereafter, the level declined after week 6, but remained higher than controls at the end of 12-week experiment (Z= -2.457, P=0. 014). IL-4 and IL-13 levels did not increase until week 6 (Z=-2. 646,P=0. 008;Z=-2. 646,P=0. 008), and peaked at week 8. After soluble egg antigen (SEA) stimulation, splenic Th1/Th2 ratio in infected mice was 0.5 (95％ CI 0. 2-1.2) at week 8 and 0.3 (95％ CI 0. 3-0.6)at week 12 post infection, both of which were significantly lower than those in uninfected controls (week 8: Z=2. 173, P=0.030; week 12:Z=2.551, P=0.011). Compared with unstimulated splenic cells, splenic Th1/Th2 ratio after SEA stimulation significantly decreased at week 8 (Z=2. 236, P=0. 025) and week 12 (Z=3. 130, P=0.002). Granulomas were first observed in livers at week 6 and the size kept on increasing. A negative correlation between serum IL-13 and the diameter of liver granulomas was discovered at week 12 post infection (r=0. 636, P= 0. 048). Conclusions Th1 response is dominant during the early stage of Schistosoma japonicum infection.However,followed by oviposition, Thl response declines and meanwhile a strong Th2 response gradually develops. Therefore, Th2 response probably plays a role in the development of hepatic granulomas.

Objective To explore morphologic variations and their spatial correlation among Oncomelania hupensis populations from the mainland of China. Methods Twenty-seven snail populations from ten provinces were collected. The morphologic indices of shells and geographic distances between the snail spots were measured respectively, and the morphologic variations among snail populations and the correlations between morphologic variations and geographical distances were analyzed. Results The median of Euclidean distances was 3.24 (95% CI: 2.88-3.81) among 20 snail populations of O.h.hupensis including a snail population from Guangxi Province, and was 3.15 (95% CI: 2.86-3.76) excluding the Guangxi snail population; the median was 1.69 (95% CI: 1.33-2.27) among 6 populations of O.h.robertsoni. Whether including a snail population from Guangxi Province or not, the median among O.h.robertsoni was less than that among O.h.hupensis (P0.05). The correlation coefficient was 0.2655 for O.h.hupensis including a snail population from Guangxi Province, 0.2567 not including it; and was 0.3121 for ribbed-shell population. Conclusions Morphologic variation among O.h.hupensis is bigger than that among O.h.robertsoni, and morphologic variation among ribbed-shell populations is bigger than that among smooth-shell populations. There is significant spatial structure among ribbed-shell snail populations of Oncomelania hupensis distributed in the mainland of China.

Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease which is socioeconomically devastating and a significant cause of morbidity in endemic countries or regions. Some countries and regions have brought down the prevalence of schistosomiasis through positive prevention and control programs. However in the past few years with the social and economic development and globalization re?emergence and spread of schistosomiasis led to a growing concern that new endemic areas may occur. This article analyzes the epidemiological situation and the strategies to control schistosomiasis in China and African countries.