Objective To investigatc the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein-serine-threonine kinases (Akt) signal pathway in ginsenoside Rb1 pretreatment-induced attenuation of myocardial ischemiareperfusion (I/R) injury in diabetic rats.Methods Male SD rats weighing 250-300 g were used in this study.Diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal streptozotocin and confirmed by fasting blood glucose ≥ 16.7mmol/L.Eight weeks after diabetes mellitus was induced,48 rats were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n =12each):group myocardial I/R (group I/R); group ginsenoside Rb1 (group R); group ginsenoside Rb1 + wortmannin (PI3K inhibitor) (group RW) and group wortmannin (group W).Myocardial I/R was induced by occlusion of anterior descending branch of left coronary artery for 30 min followed by 120 min reperfusion.Ginsenoside Rb1 40 mg/kg was injected iv at 10 min before ischemia in groups R and RW,while in groups RW and W wortmannin 15 μg/kg was injected iv at 20 min before ischemia.Arterial blood samples were collected at the end of 120 min reperfusion for determination of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities.The rats were then sacrificed.The infarct size was measured by tetrazolium method.Myocardial apoptosis was detected by TUNEL and apoptotic index (the number of apoptotic myocardial cells/the total number of myocardial cells) was calculated.The expression of Akt and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) was determined by Western blotting.Results Ginsenoside Rb1 pretreatment significantly reduced the infarct size,myocardial cell apoptotic index and serum CK and LDH activities and up-regulated p-Akt expression in group R as compared with group I/R.The protective effects of ginsenoside Rbl against myocardial I/R injury were significantly attenuated by wortmannin pretreatment in group RW compared with group R.Conclusion PI3K/Akt signal pathway is involved in the protective effects of ginsenoside Rb1 against myocardial I/R injury in diabetic rats.

Objective To investigate the effect of ischemic post-conditioning (IPO) on the level of Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in acute ischemia - reperfusion (I/R) injury of lung in order to illuminate its protective mechanism.Methods Forty-eight adult SD rats were randomly divided (random number) into 6groups ( n =8 each):sham operation group ( S group) ; I/R group in which the hilum of left lung was clamped for 45 min followed by 105 min reperfusion; IPO group in which left lung hilum was clamped for 45min and post - conditioned by alternation of 30 s reperfusion with 30 s re-occlusion for three times before perfect perfusion for 102 min; Hemin (HM) + I/R group; ZnPPⅨ (zinc protoporphyrin Ⅸ) + IPO group and HM + S group.Arterial partial pressure of oxygen ( PaO2 ) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in blood serum were assayed.The left lung was removed for determination of wet/dry (W/D) lung weight ratio and level of HO-1 protein was detected by immunohistochemical technique and pathohistological changes were observed under light microscopic examination. Comparisons among multiple groups were studied by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Statistical comparisons within groups were analyzed by using paired t -test.Results The level of HO-1 in lung tissue was significantly increased in the I/R group compared with the S group and the HM + S group (P ＜0.01,P ＜0.05).Compared to the I/R group,the IPO and the HM + I/R groups had significant higher level of HO-1 ( P ＜ 0.05,P ＜ 0.01 ).The PaO2 was significantly lower in all experimental groups than that in the S group (90 ± 11 ) mmHg.However,the values of PaO2 in the IPO and the HM + I/R groups were higher than that in the I/R group (P ＜ 0.01 ).In addition to severe lung tissue damage evidenced by pathohistological changes,the lung wet/dry (W/D) weight ratio and MDA level in blood serum were significantly higher in the I/R group than those in the S group (P ＜0.01 ),whereas the lung damage was attenuated either by IPO or by HM pretreatment (P ＜ 0.05,IPO or HM + I/R vs.I/R).Conclusions IPO can attenuate the lung ischemia - reperfusion injury through upregulating the level of HO-1 protein and inhibiting lipid peroxidation injury.

Objective To evaluate the effects of sevoflurane on the expression of early growth response gene 1 (Egr-1) and Egr-2 in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of sleep-deprived rats.Methods Forty-eight pathogen-free healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,were divided into 4 groups (n =12 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),sleep deprivation group (group SD),sevoflurane group (group SEV) and sleep deprivation plus sevoflurane group (group SD+SEV).The rats were subjected to sleep deprivation for 96 h in group SD.The rats inhaled 2.5％ sevoflurane for 3 h in group SEV.The rats inhaled 2.5％ sevoflurane for 3 h after being subjected to sleep deprivation for 96 h in group SD+SEV.The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) was measured at 12 h,3 days and 7 days after emergence from anesthesia (T1-3).The animals were sacrificed after blood samples were obtained from the external carotid artery,and the cerebral SCN was removed for determination of Egr-1 and Egr-2 expression by Western blot.Results Compared with group C,the MWT was significantly decreased at T1-3 in SD,SEV and SD+SEV groups,the expression of Egr-1 and Egr-2 in SCN was significantly up-regulated at T1-3 in SD and SD+SEV groups,and the expression of Egr-1 in SCN was significantly up-regulated at T1-3,and the expression of Egr-2 in SCN was up-regulated at T1 in group SEV (P＜0.05).Compared with SD and SEV groups,the MWT was significantly decreased at T1-3 in group SD+SEV,and the expression of Egr-1 and Egr-2 in SCN was significantly up-regulated at T1-3 in group SD+SEV (P＜0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which sevoflurane aggravates hyperalgesia is related to up-regulation of Egr-1 and Egr-2 expression in SCN of sleepdeprived rats.

The cultivation of graduate students' scientific research ability is an important task of colleges and universities. The evaluation standards of cultivation achievements play an important guiding role. In recent years, quantitative academic evaluation based on the "five-only" has caused some negative effects on the cultivation of talents in colleges and universities. A new evaluation system needs to be established. During the transition period between the old and new academic evaluation systems, the evaluation criteria for the cultivation of graduate students' scientific research capabilities will inevitably need to be reformed. This study attempts to reform the existing evaluation standards by investigating the evaluation standards for the cultivation of scientific research capabilities in various colleges and universities. The aim is to improve the evaluation of the achievements in the cultivation of scientific research ability of graduate students and improve the quality of the cultivation of scientific research ability of graduate students.

were no significant differences in the detection rate of recto-sigmoid colon,mid colon,right colon and total detection of polyps among the 3 groups (P >0.05).Conclusion 4-L split-dose PEG is better than the oth-er 2 regimens in the colon cleansing quality,so it can better reach the intestinal cleaning standards before enteroscopy,which is a more suitable regimen for bowel preparation.

With the intensive aging of the population, it's imperative and important to train a number of geriatric specialists. Essential clinical knowledge and skills as well as accomplishment of medical humanistic spirit are core competences of an eligible geriatrician. The standardized training of geriatric specialists is facing a few challenges such as incomplete comprehension of the training program and trainees, a lack of enough trainees, and a lack of standardized management for the program. An efficient social support system, a normative educational training system, an effective supervision and evaluation system, first-class teaching staff, and qualified trainees are important guarantees for the standardized training program.