Wallenberg syndrome is a group of clinical syndrome caused by posterior inferior cerebellar artery and vertebral artery involvement.Its most common cause is atherosclerosis,and its diversity of vascular morphology causes the variability of clinical manifestations and prognosis.This article reviews the vascular mechanisms of Wallenberg syndrome.

With the thorough research on cognitive impairment in old age,vascular cognitive inpairment (VCI) has become a hot research field of neuroscience in recent years.Yet,the VCI-related pathogenic mechanism currently remains unknown.Therefore,the reliable and stable animal models are needed to reveal the pathogenesis and pathophysiologic changes of VCI in order to provide a theoretical basis for early warning,diagnosis and treatment of VCI.The commonly used animal models now have their own advantages and disadvantages,the results have greater differences.This article reviews the commonly used VCI animal models,related cognitive behavior changes,and change characteristics of histopathology in recent years,and the reasonable animal models of VCI according to different research objectives are investigated preliminarily.

Aim To investigate the role of fenofibrate (FF),a selective PPAR-? agonist,in cardiac hypertrophy induced by high glucose and insulin (HGI) and its mechanisms related to nitric oxided (NO) signal transduction pathway. Methods The cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were used to observe the effects of FF on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by HGI (glucose at 25.5 mmol?L-1 and insulin at 0.1 ?mol?L-1),and the cardiomyocyte hypertrophic responses were assayed by measuring the cell surface area,protein content,and atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) mRNA expression. The expressions of mRNA and protein were assayed by Real-time PCR and Western blot,as well as NOS activity and NO concentration in cultured media were determined by using the spectrophotometry and nitrate reluction method.Results In cultured cardiomyocytes,FF (at 0.1,0.3 and 1 ?mol?L-1) could inhibit the cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by HGI in a concentration-dependent manner (P

Objective　To observe the effects of repeated subconvulsive electrical stimulations to hippocampus on rat's emotional behavior and spatial learning and memory. Mehtods　The hippocampus of Wistar rats were repeatedly stimulated by constant pulsating current with intratrain frequencies of 16 Hz, pulsating duration of 1 ms, train duration of 10 s and interstimulus interval of 7 min for 5 days. Results　The experimental rats displayed the long-term significant abnormalities of emotional behaviors, such as substantial changes of behavioral habits, hyperarousal, hypersensitive frightened reactions, anxiety-like behaviors, and transitory spatial learning and memory disorder. Conclusion　The stable and practical animal model satisfied most characteristics of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Objective To observe the alterations of nitric oxide (NO) level and the neuronal NOS (nNOS) expression in rats with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) like behavior following subconvulsive electrical stimuli. Methods After the establishment of the PTSD animal model following subconvulsive stimuli to hippocampus, the nitric oxide (NO) and NO synthase (NOS) levels and the neuronal NOS (nNOS) expression in hippocampus and frontal cortex of experimental rats were investigated by neurochemistry and Western blotting, respectively. Results The NO level in hippocampus of experimental rats with PTSD like behavior following subconvulsive stimulation increased significantly at 12 h after the last stimulation (4.65?1.22 ?mol/g protein, P

AIM: To explore the pathophysiological bases in the pathogenesis of the lasting emotional behavioral disorders following posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS: 240 male Wistar rats were divided randomly into 3 groups. Group SE ( n =96) for rats with PTSD-like behavior by constant pulsating current of 100 ?A with intratrain frequencies of 16 Hz, pulsating duration of 1 ms, train duration of 10 s and interstimulus interval of 7 min for 5 days with 8 times per day. Group CE ( n =96) for control with electrode implanted in hippocampus without stimulation, and Group NC ( n =48) for normal control. The activities of Na +-K +-ATPase and Ca 2+ -ATPase, levels of intracellular calcium and free calmodulin (CaM), and the total CaM expression were detected in hippocampi of experimental rats. RESULTS: The activities of Na +-K +-ATPase and Ca 2+ -ATPase in mitochondria of hippocampal cells in Group SE rats were significantly decreased at 48 h and 72 h after the last stimulation, respectively. The intracellular free calcium levels were increased, and the mean channel fluorescence of intracellular free CaM decreased remarkably at 72 h poststimulation, while the expression of total CaM was significantly elevated at 48 h after the last stimulation in hippocampi of Group SE rats. CONCLUSION: The lasting increased levels of intracellular free calcium and expression of Ca 2+ -CaM in hippocampus, as well as the dysfunction of Na +-K + pump and Ca 2+ -ATPase in mitochondria may play important roles in the long-term neuropsychological sequelae in PTSD.

Objective To investigate the circadian rest-activity and sleep-wake rhythm patterns in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Method Actigraphy and daily record of sleep were used to study the circadian rest-activity and sleep-wake rhythm patterns of the patients with MCI and of 20 age-matched normal people (control group). Results Compared with control group, the time in bed was significantly longer in MCI group (P

Objective To observe the effects of interical epileptiform discharges (IED) on emotional behavior and spatial learning and memory of rats.Methods 76 male Wistar rats were divided randomly into 4 groups. Group HK/SE (n=23) for kindling with rapidly recurring hippocampal seizure followed by subconvulsive electrical stimulation to hippocampus 13 days later. Group HK (n=20) for hippocampal kindling. Group SE (n=17) for control of electrode implanted in hippocampus without stimulation, and Group NC (n=16) for normal control. The emotional behaviors of experimental animals were tested by the activity in an unfamiliar open field and resistance to capture from the open field, as well as their spatial learning ability in the Morris watermaze.Results The IED rats in Group HK/SE tested 14 days after hippocampal kindling displayed substantial decreases in open-field activity (scale: 17.3?3.6 for NC group, and 4.6?1.3 for IED rats, P

By inflicting the hindlimbs of dogs with steel bullets in different velocities, a model of traumatic stress was reproduced. The contents of myelin basic protein (MBP) and endothelin 1 (ET1) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined with ELISA and radioimmunoassay methods, and the wltrastructural changes in limbic system were studied with neuropathological techniques. The MBP level and ET1 contents increased markedly in CSF, and neuronal degeneration and nerve fiber demyelination were seen in the hypothalamus and hippocampus in high speed missile group. The results indicate that the hypothalamus and hippocampus were vulnerable in severe injury of remote tissues,and it might be one of the important neuropathological basis for changes in the early stage of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The results also suggested that the CSF MBP and CSF ET1 determinations might serve as sensitive indicators for central nervous system damage in stress disorder following severe injury.

The object of medical research is human life,thus the understanding level of human being determines medical mode and the development of medical science.The origin of Marx's theory on human being is the realistic human,which provides methodological basis for reflecting on the biomedical faults from a logical perspective.Marx held that technology is the objectization of the essential power of human being,while technology under the context of capitalist production relations has been turned into certain means to control workers.Tend of dissimilation also arises in some modern medical fields,thus serious reflection and criticism are in great need.The overall development of human being is the core content in Marx's theory on human being.Since modern medicine is during the transition from bio-medical model to bio-psycho-social medial model,the new medical model calls for an overall development of main body in all aspects including qualification,ability,and social relations,etc.