Objective To investigate the effect of CYP2D6 gene polymorphism on risperidone (RISP) metabolism in schizophrenic patients. Methods CYP2D6 allele polymorphisms including*10,*4,*41 and *2 was detected by real-time fluorescent PCR in 120 schizophrenic patients who have taken risperidone continually. Alleles without SNP mutations were classified as wild-type (WT). At the same time, serum risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone concentration of all patients were detected by mass spectrometric analysis. Some samples were selected for DNA sequencing of CYP2D6*10, which is the most common CYP2D6 allele in Oriental population. The 120 patients were divided into three groups according to their allele variants. Group 1 was defined as carriers of two functional alleles, group 2 was defined as carriers of one defective allele, group 3 was defined as carriers of two defective alleles. Genotype distributions, alleles frequencies, RISP, 9-oh-RISP, RISP+9-OH-RISP, 9-oh-RISP/RISP among three groups were calculated.Results Group 1 amount to 23 cases including 13 cases of WT/WT, 7 cases of*2/*2, 3 cases of WT/*2. Group 2 amount to 51 cases, including 38 cases of WT/*10, 8 cases of *2/*10, 1 case of *2/*41, 4 cases of WT/*41. Group 3 amount to 46 cases, including 44 cases of *10/*10, 2 cases of *10/*41. The*4 allele was not detected. The allele frequency of WT, *2, *10 and *41 was 29.6％, 10.8％, 56.7％ and 2.9％, respectively. The 9-hydroxyrisperidone/risperidone-ratio of three groups were 15.24±5.77, 11.06±4.56 and 2.39 ± 1.06, respectively. There was a significant difference in 9-hydroxyrisperidone/risperidone-ratio between Group 3 and the first two groups (P<0.001). Conclusions The frequency of *10 allele was the highest among the subjects. The frequency of WT and*2 allele was over 95％in the population. Individuals carrying one defective allele of CYP2D6 will decrease the rate of risperidone metabolism slightly, while individuals carrying two defective alleles of CYP2D6 may decrease the rate of risperidone metabolism significantly.

Objective To investigate the risk factors for pulmonary fibrosis in patients with paraquat (PQ) poisoning.Methods A total of 120 patients with PQ poisoning who were admitted from January 2012 to December 2014 were enrolled.According to the presence or absence of pulmonary fibrosis,the patients were divided into non-pulmonary fibrosis group (67 patients) and pulmonary fibrosis group (53 patients).The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE II) score was obtained on days 1 and 3 of poisoning.Routine blood test results,blood biochemical parameters,and radiological parameters were recorded,and the patients with PQ poisoning were followed up for survival and pulmonary fibrosis.Results A total of 39 patients with PQ poisoning died,resulting in a mortality rate of 32.5％.There were 53 patients who developed pulmonary interstitial fibrosis,yielding an incidence rate of 44.2％.Compared with the non-pulmonary fibrosis group,the pulmonary fibrosis group had a significantly higher age,a significantly higher dose of PQ,and significantly higher APACHE II scores on days 1 and 3 of poisoning(P＜0.01),as well as significantly higher white blood cell (WBC) count and neutrophil count on day 1,significantly higher levels of urea nitrogen,creatinine,and blood glucose on days 1 and 3,and significantly higher activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)(P＜0.01).The logistic regression analysis showed that the dose of PQ,WBC count and neutrophil count on day 1,APACHE II scores on days 1 and 3 of poisoning,levels of urea nitrogen,creatinine,and blood glucose,and activities of AST and ALT were associated with the development of pulmonary fibrosis in patients with PQ poisoning.Conclusion Oral dose of PQ,APACHE Ⅱ scores on days 1 and 3 of poisoning,levels of urea nitrogen,creatinine,and blood glucose,activities of AST and ALT,and WBC count and neutrophil count on day 1 are risk factors for pulmonary fibrosis in patients with paraquat poisoning.

Objective To investigate the risk factors for pulmonary fibrosis in patients with paraquat (PQ) poisoning.Methods A total of 120 patients with PQ poisoning who were admitted from January 2012 to December 2014 were enrolled.According to the presence or absence of pulmonary fibrosis,the patients were divided into non-pulmonary fibrosis group (67 patients) and pulmonary fibrosis group (53 patients).The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE II) score was obtained on days 1 and 3 of poisoning.Routine blood test results,blood biochemical parameters,and radiological parameters were recorded,and the patients with PQ poisoning were followed up for survival and pulmonary fibrosis.Results A total of 39 patients with PQ poisoning died,resulting in a mortality rate of 32.5％.There were 53 patients who developed pulmonary interstitial fibrosis,yielding an incidence rate of 44.2％.Compared with the non-pulmonary fibrosis group,the pulmonary fibrosis group had a significantly higher age,a significantly higher dose of PQ,and significantly higher APACHE II scores on days 1 and 3 of poisoning(P＜0.01),as well as significantly higher white blood cell (WBC) count and neutrophil count on day 1,significantly higher levels of urea nitrogen,creatinine,and blood glucose on days 1 and 3,and significantly higher activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)(P＜0.01).The logistic regression analysis showed that the dose of PQ,WBC count and neutrophil count on day 1,APACHE II scores on days 1 and 3 of poisoning,levels of urea nitrogen,creatinine,and blood glucose,and activities of AST and ALT were associated with the development of pulmonary fibrosis in patients with PQ poisoning.Conclusion Oral dose of PQ,APACHE Ⅱ scores on days 1 and 3 of poisoning,levels of urea nitrogen,creatinine,and blood glucose,activities of AST and ALT,and WBC count and neutrophil count on day 1 are risk factors for pulmonary fibrosis in patients with paraquat poisoning.

Objective: To investigate the current bedtime routine among Chinese children less than 3 years of age and explore its dose-dependent association with sleep duration and sleep quality. Method: Healthy full-term born children aged 0-35 months were selected by stratified cluster random sampling method from 8 provinces in China following the "Hospital of Province-City-County" sampling technical route during 2012-2013.Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire(BISQ) was used to assess sleep conditions of these children.Children′s personal and family information was obtained by Shanghai Children′s Medical Center Socio-demographic Questionnaire.Both of these questionnaires were filled in by parents. The effects of bedtime routine on children′s sleep duration and quality were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance. Result: The children′s average age was(12±10) months(n=1 304), of whom 689 were males (52.8%, 689/1 304). There were 48.5%(632/1 304)of the parents reported that their children had not established regular sleep routines. There was a consistent dose-dependent association between bedtime routine and sleep duration, as well as other indicators for sleep quality (all P<0.05). The more regular the sleep routines, the longer the sleep duration, the earlier the children went to sleep, the shorter the sleep onset latency, the fewer the nighttime wakeup and the shorter the nighttime waking.The nighttime sleep duration was significantly longer for those with a bedtime routine 'every night’ than those who 'never’ had a bedtime routine (9.5(95%CI: 9.4-9.6)vs. 8.9(95%CI: 8.6-9.3)h, t=3.345, P=0.001). Compared with children who never had bedtime routines, children with regular bedtime routines had fewer night wakeup (1.3(95%CI: 1.2-1.4) vs. 2.4( 95%CI: 2.0-2.9), t=3.182, P=0.001) and shorter night waking duration(16.6(95%CI: 14.6-18.8) vs. 59.2 (95%CI: 47.0-72.7)min, t=6.383, P<0.01). Conclusion The percentage of children who have established regular bedtime routine is low in China. There is significant dose-dependent association between regular bedtime routine and sleep outcomes, especially sleep quality. The more regular the sleep routines, the better the sleep quality.