Background Previous studies showed that the pathogenesis of uveitis is related to γδ T cells.However,it remains unclear that how these cells are involved in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU).Objective This study aimed to observe the dynamic changes of γδ T cells in EAU and explore the role of γδ T cells in the pathological process of EAU.Methods Forty-five C57BL/6(B6) mice were assigned to the normal control group (six mice) and EAU model group (thirty-nine mice).The mice were immunized subcutaneously at 6 spots on the footpads,tail base,and flank with emulsion containing human interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein1-20 (IRBP1-20) emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant.After immunization,the mice were examined for clinical signs of EAU by using a Genesis-D camera.The changes of histopathology were compared by hematoxylin and eosin staining.Mouse lymphocytes were isolated and purified from the spleens of IRBP1-20-immunized or normal B6 mice by using a γδ T-cell isolation kit.Flow cytometry was used to detect the changes of intracellular expression of interleukin-17A (IL-17A),and then transferred the activated γδ T cells into EAU models to analyze the changes of clinical signs and histopathology of EAU.Experimental study program as well as the use and feeding of the animals were authorized by the Animal Management and Use Committee of Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine University.Results The inflammatory symptoms in mouse eyes appeared on day 12 after modeling.The initial changes were fundal blood vessel thickening and minimal inflammatory cell infiltration.Then,multifocal chorioretinal lesions,serious vasculitis and linear lesions were observed on days 16-20,along with abundant lymphocyte infiltration in the vitreous and retinal disorganization.The inflammation symptom scores and the pathological inflammation scores at different time points after modeling had statistically significant differences (F =51.399,P =0.000;F =47.342,P =0.000).The inflammatory symptoms in the eyes began to abate from day 28 onwards.The number of γδ T cells was obviously increased during the inflammation phase of EAU at day 16-20 after modeling,with the number of γδ T cells was (5.67 ±-0.49) ％ and (5.78 ±±0.55) ％,respectively,which was significantly higher than (1.53 ± 0.14) ％ before modeling,with significant differences between them (both at P＜0.05),meanwhile CD69 levels and the integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) and secreted IL-17A were elavated.The secretion level of IL-17A was (13.40±0.50)％ and (17.80±2.37)％ on day 16 and day 20 after modeling,respectively,which was significantly higher than (1.53 ± 0.19) ％ before modeling,with significant differences between them (P =0.000,0.001).The activated γδ T cells were transferred into EAU model,the inflammation symptom scores were 1.00 (1.00,2.00) after activated γδ T cells were transferred into EAU model,which was significantly higher than 0.75 (0.05,1.00) of the untransferred group (Z =27.00,P =0.03),and the symptoms of EAU were aggravated.Conclusions The proportion of γδ T cells reaches peak in inflammation of EAU,and the cells are activated.The activated γδ T cells in the EAU model play a immune regulation role by secreting IL-17A.

Objective To investigate of the tissue TGF-β changes at early stage of hypertrophic scar formation and the value of scar blisters in hypertrophic scar.Methods The TGF-β1 content in the blister fluid and the blood were quantified with ELISA,patients(n=15)with hypertrophy scar after depth burn were included,three time point(each n=5)on early　stage(<3 months)of hypertrophy scar formationwere monitored.and normal skin blister fluid and the blood(n=5)was used as control.Results The serum TGF-β1 in the both hypertrophic scar patients and normal skin group was not elevated(P>0.01),the TGF-β1 in the blister of normal skin was also not elevated(P>0.01),but TGF-β1 level in the scarblisters hypertrophic scar was elevated significantly[<60 d(158.5±69.8)pg/L,60-90 d,(181.1±40.1)pg/L,>90 d,(534.4±125.9)pg/L,P<0.01] and higher than the normal skin blister and the blood(P<15.6 pg/L.P<0.01),the increased TGF-β1 1evel in the hypertrophic scar blisters were persisted for at least three months.the TGF-β1 level of scar blister on the 3th month of hypertrophic scar formation reached a peak [(534.4±125.9)pg/L,P<0.01].Conclusions The data in this study indicates that TGF-β production at the early stage of hypertrophic scar formation is increased and may play an important role in scar formation;scar blisters is a valuable approach in hypertrophic scar study.

Outbreaks of pseudorabies (PR) have occurred in southern China since late 2011, resulting in significant economic impacts on the swine industry. To identify the cause of PR outbreaks, especially among vaccinated pigs, 11 pseudorabies virus (PRV) field strains were isolated from Guangdong province during 2013–2014. Their major viral genes (gE, TK, gI, PK, gD, 11K, and 28K) were analyzed in this study. Insertions or deletions were observed in gD, gE, gI and PK genes compared with other PRV isolates from all over the world. Furthermore, sequence alignment showed that insertions in gD and gE were unique molecular characteristics of the new prevalent PRV strains in China. Phylogenetic analysis showed that our isolates were clustered in an independent branch together with other strains isolated from China in recent years, and that they showed a closer genetic relationship with earlier isolates from Asia. Our results suggest that these isolates are novel PRV variants with unique molecular signatures.
Asia ; China* ; Disease Outbreaks ; Genes, Viral ; Herpesvirus 1, Suid* ; Pseudorabies* ; Sequence Alignment ; Swine

This study was to investigate the effects of the combination of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) on pigs. Twenty-four weaning piglets were divided into a control group fed a diet free of mycotoxins and a toxin group fed a diet containing 1 mg/kg DON and 250 microgram/kg ZON. The results showed that supplementation of DON and ZON in diets had extensive effects on pigs. More specifically, DON and ZON caused levels of total protein, albumin, and globulin in sera to decrease (p < 0.05) by 14.5%, 6.5% and 11.3%, respectively, and at the same time increased (p < 0.05) the serum enzyme activities of gamma-glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase by 72.0%, 32.6% and 36.6%, respectively. In addition, DON and ZON decreased (p < 0.05) the level of anticlassical swine fever antibody titers by 14.8%. Real-time PCR showed that DON and ZON caused the mRNA expression levels of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-2, to decrease (p < 0.05) by 36.0%, 29.0% and 35.4%, respectively. Histopathological studies demonstrated that DON and ZON caused abnormalities in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, uterus, and kidney. The concentrations of DON and ZON used in this study are in line with the published critical values permitted by BML. Our study clearly put the standard and adequacy of safety measures for these toxins into question. The authors suggest that with the increasing availability of cellular and molecular technologies, it is time to revisit the safety standards for toxins in feeds so as to make feeds safer, providing consumers with safer products.
Animal Feed/*analysis ; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Diet/veterinary ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Female ; Swine ; Swine Diseases/blood/*chemically induced/*physiopathology ; Trichothecenes/*administration & dosage/*adverse effects/pharmacology ; Zearalenone/*administration & dosage/*adverse effects/pharmacology

Hyperuricemia contributes to renal inflammation. We aimed to investigate the role of Na⁺–K⁺–ATPase (NKA) in hyperuricemia-induced renal tubular injury. Human primary proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) were incubated with uric acid (UA) at increasing doses or for increasing lengths of time. PTECs were then stimulated by pre-incubation with an NKA α1 expression vector or small interfering RNA before UA (100 μg ml⁻¹, 48 h) stimulation. Hyperuricemic rats were induced by gastric oxonic acid and treated with febuxostat (Feb). ATP levels, the activity of NKA and expression of its α1 subunit, Src, NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) were measured both in vitro and in vivo. Beginning at concentrations of 100 μg ml−1, UA started to dose-dependently reduce NKA activity. UA at a concentration of 100 μg ml⁻¹ time-dependently affected the NKA activity, with the maximal increased NKA activity at 24 h, but the activity started to decrease after 48 h. This inhibitory effect of UA on NKA activity at 48 h was in addition to a decrease in NKA α1 expression in the cell membrane, but an increase in lysosomes. This process also involved the subsequent activation of Src kinase and NLRP3, promoting IL-1β processing. In hyperuricemic rats, renal cortex NKA activity and its α1 expression were upregulated at the 7th week and both decreased at the 10th week, accompanied with increased renal cortex expression of Src, NLRP3 and IL-1β. The UA levels were reduced and renal tubular injuries in hyperuricemic rats were alleviated in the Feb group. Our data suggested that the impairment of NKA and its consequent regulation of Src, NLRP3 and IL-1β in the renal proximal tubule contributed to hyperuricemia-induced renal tubular injury.

Trillions of microbes inhabit the human intestinal tract as a complex ecological community.They impact the host's normal physiological activities and disease susceptibility through their collective metabolic activities and interactions with the host.Gut microbes participate in immune regulation and nutrient metabolism and are closely related to aging.In recent years,the role of gut microbes in ophthalmic diseases has received much attention.This paper reviews the relation-ship between gut microbes and various ophthalmic diseases,aiming to provide new insights into the diagnosis and treatment of ophthalmic diseases.

Objective:To conduct a scoping review to analyse the types, performance, advantages and disadvantages of cognitive function assessment tools for ICU patients, to provide a reference for the evaluation of cognitive function in ICU patients in future.Methods:A scoping review study was conducted, literature on cognitive function assessment tools for ICU patients in 9 domestic and foreign databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, VIP Database, China Biology Medicine disc, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase and CINAHL were systematically searched. The search period was from the establishment of the database to May 20, 2024. Literature was independently screened by 2 researchers and relevant information was extracted and summarized.Results:Totally 17 studies were included, with 9 tools for assessing cognitive function in ICU patients, including 6 questionnaires, 1 test battery, 1 assessment software, and 1 telephone interview questionnaire. All of above were generalizable tools, except for the Chinese and English versions of the John-Hopkins Adapted Cognitive Exam as ICU-specific tools. The Mini-Mental State Examination was the most widely used assessment scale.Conclusions:Appropriate assessment tools should be selected according to the specific clinical setting, but there is still a lack of specialized and standardized assessment tools for cognitive dysfunction in ICU patients. In the future, standardized tools which fit our cultural context for evaluating cognitive function in ICU patients should be developed.

Objective:The surveillance results of brucellosis in Lushan County, Pingdingshan City, Henan Province are analyzed to provide basis for formulating prevention and control strategies.Methods:Retrospective analysis method was used to collect the surveillance data from Lushan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention and Animal Husbandry Department from 2011 to 2019. Descriptive statistical analysis was made on the serological, pathogenic of brucellosis.Results:From 2011 to 2019, 15 943 high-risk people were investigated, and 10 834 were serologically tested, with a positive detection rate of 23.11% (2 504/10 834). Among them, the positive detection rate of brucellosis serum increased rapidly in 2013 and decreased after 2016. The positive detection rate was 25.87% (1 593/6 157) in men and 19.48% (911/4 677) in women. The age of positive detection was mainly 40-< 70 years old, accounting for 70.45% (1 764/2 504). The positive detection rate of farmers in all occupations was the highest, which was 25.97% (2 242/8 634). There were significant differences in the positive detection rates among different gender, age and occupation (χ 2=61.163, 27.855, 257.412, P < 0.01). A total of 578 blood samples from patients with acute brucellosis were isolated and cultured, 215 strains of Brucella were detected, and the positive detection rate was 37.20%. Conclusions:The high-risk group of human brucellosis in Lushan County, Pingdingshan City is middle-aged and elderly male farmers engaged in aquaculture. It is suggested that the joint prevention and control measures should be strengthened, the health education of high-risk groups should be strengthened, and comprehensive prevention and control measures should be taken to control the occurrence and prevalence of brucellosis.

Objective To investigate the effects of DNA demethylation drugs combined with histone deacetylase in-hibitors on fragile X mental retardation 1 neighbor protein (FMR1NB) expression and its promoter methylation in human oral cancer cells and try to find a strategy of weakening the heterogeneity of FMR1NB expression.Methods Human oral cancer cell lines Cal27 and SCC-9 were treated with decitabine (DAC) , an inhibitor of DNA meth-yltransferase, combined with trichostatin A (TSA) and valproic acid (VPA), inhibitors of histone deacetylase.Then reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) , quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were used to detect the expression of FMR1 NB and pyrosequencing was used to detect the methylation of FMR1NB promoter.Results Compared with the blank control group, DAC and its combination with TSA and VPA significantly induced the expression of FMR1NB mRNA and protein in Cal27 and SCC-9 cells.Compared with DAC alone group, FMR1NB mRNA expression of each DAC-combined drug groups significantly increased, but FMR1NB protein did not significantly change in Cal27 cells; for SCC-9 cells, except for DAC+TSA group, the mRNA and protein levels of FMR1NB significantly increased in all other groups.In addition, there was no signifi-cant difference in the expression of FMR1 NB mRNA and protein between the three-combined drugs group and two-combined drugs groups.Further methylation assay showed that the methylation level of the overall FMR1NB promot-er and its each CpG site measured were reduced to varying degrees in all treatment groups except for three-combina-tion drug group of SCC-9.Conclusion DAC and its combination with TSA and VPA can enhance the expression of FMR1NB by mediating the demethylation of FMR1NB promoter, wherein the enhanced expression effect of the com-bination of the two drugs is stronger, suggesting that they have the potential to weaken the heterogeneity of FMR1NB expression and improve the immunotherapy effect of oral cancer.

【Objective】 To analyze the risk factors related to the number of RBCs transfusion in neonates with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS), and to explore the complications and the predictive indicators related to the increase of RBCs transfusion frequency. 【Methods】 NRDS newborns admitted to our hospital from January 2017 to January 2019 were selected and divided into three groups according to the number of RBCs transfusion, namely, non-transfusion group, 1~ 2 times group, and ≥3 times group. The clinical data and complications of the three groups were compared, and the risk factors leading to the increase of the number of blood transfusion were analyzed. 【Results】 Such factors as maternal age ≥35 years old, gestational age, birth weight, hemoglobin(Hb) at admission, non-invasive ventilation time, hospitalization time in neonatal intensive care unit(NICU), total enteral feeding time affected the blood transfusion frequency of the three groups(χ²=14.24, F=28.44, 41.70, 60.05, 3.83, 5.97, 4.40, P<0.05). The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), septicemia and feeding intolerance in blood transfusion ≥3 times group was significantly higher than that in 1~2 times group and non-transfusion group (χ²=19.30, 18.68, 6.98, P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that birth weight, Hb at admission, length of stay in NICU and time of reaching total enteral feeding were independent risk factors for≥ 3 times of blood transfusion (OR=-3.942, -0.186, 0.530, 0.324, P<0.05). The ROC curve showed that birth weight and Hb at admission were effective in predicting blood transfusion ≥3 times, and the area under the ROC curve were 0.846 and 0.802, respectively, and the truncation values were 2.315 kg and 157.5 g/L. 【Conclusion】 Feeding intolerance, NEC and septicemia are the complications of the increased transfusion frequency in children with NRDS, and birth weight and hemoglobin at admission are effective in predicting blood transfusion ≥ 3 times.