AIM:To study the effect of Exendin-4 on the glucose tolerance and serum glucose level in normal animals. METHODS: The fasting blood glucose concentration was tested at 0,1,2,3,4 h and 2,4 week after the first administration of Exendin-4 (0.1, 0.3, 0.9 g/kg, 4 weeks, qd) in Wistar rats ,taking insulin as positive control. Before intragastric administration 2.5 g/kg glucose, Exendin-4 (0.2, 0.6, 1.8 g/kg) were subcutaneously injected, then the fasting blood glucose concentration was tested at 0.5, 1, 2 h after the glucose loading. After hypodermic administration of Exendin-4 (0.2, 0.6, 1.8 g/kg), half of the mice were subcutaneously administrated 2.5 g/kg glucose 15 min later, and the insulin was tested at the end of the experiment. RESULTS:Exendin-4 could not significantly change the fasting blood glucose concentration at different times. The fasting blood glucose concentration was significantly decreased after glucose loading by administration Exendin-4. Exendin-4 could increase the serum insulin concentration remarkably after glucose loading and could not change much without glucose loading. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the blood glucose regulation of Exendin-4 was related to the concentration of glucose.

Furthering of the health reform calls for better health care system,greater public financing,and deepened reform of public hospitals.Introduced in this paper are the actions taken and outcomes of the health reform in Changchun city,including the essential medicines system to minimize drug prices,improvement of the primary healthcare system to minimize people's financial burden,greater public spending to enhance public welfare nature of medical institutions,enhanced competencies of primary medical institutions to introduce rational classification of patient flow,and enhanced equity of public services to promote people's health.On such basis,further reform proposals were made for Changchun's health reform.

Early diagnosis and early intervention for cognitive impairment after ischemic stroke can delay disease progression and prevent the occurrence of dementia.This article reviews the advances in research on ischemic stroke caused each risk factor for cognitive impairment.

Objective To investigate the expression and significance of γH2AX in cervical squamous carcinoma.Methods Firstly,DNA were extracted from 74 cervical squamous carcinoma samples and PCR were tested for HPV infection.Secondly,formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections (4 μm)were stained with H&E method to detect cervical lesions grading.Thirdly,HPV16 DNA were examined by in situ hybridization(ISH) and γH2AX,p16 were examined by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining.Then,30 cases typical tissue sections in which including the normal cervical tissue,cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical carcinoma in situ were selected for comparing the HPV DNA loading,and the γH2AX and,pl6 expression.Finally,the feasibility of γH2AX serving as a biomarks in HPV infection-related cervical carcinogenesis were analyzed.Results In this study,HPV infection ratio is 98.65％,and HPV16 is the most common type with 74.32％ infection.In situ hybridization showed no HPV16 DNA exist in normal cervical tissues and CINI.In CIN Ⅱ HPV DNA exist mainly as episomal DNA.With the increasing of cervical lesions grade,HPV DNA was integrated into chromosome steadily.The expression of γH2AX and pl6 were positively associated with grading of cervical lesions.HPV DNA and γH2AX protein co-exist primarily in the prickle cell layer and the granular cell layer.The HPV DNA and p16 protein exist in different cell layer.Conclusion γH2AX may be employed as a biomarker for HPV positive cervical carcinogenesis.

Models of acute and chronic liver injury in mice were established using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and ethanol to explore the protective effects of Ganoderma lucidum spore glycopeptide on liver injury.Different dosage of Ganoderma lucidum spore glycopeptide (65,130,260 mg/kg) were given by gavage.The liver index and the levels of serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) were determined.The contents of liver interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The pathological injury of liver tissue was observed by HE staining.The results showed that Ganoderma lucidum spore glycopeptide could significantly reduce the liver index and the contents of serum AST and ALT in mice of acute and chronic liver injury.In mice of chronic liver injury induced by CCl4, Ganoderma lucidum spore glycopeptide could significantly decrease the contents of liver IL-6, TNF-α and iNOS, and alleviate the pathological damage of liver tissue.Results suggested that Ganoderma lucidum spore glycopeptide might reduce acute and chronic liver injury with anti-inflammatory effects in mice.

Cosmetic and plastic surgery of female external genitalia is a new subject which adopts surgical or non-surgical methods to rectification of vulva and vagina.With the social progress, genitalia plastic surgery has also achieved a dramatic of development, various new technologies has been applied, and women’s genitalia plastic surgery has shown a good prospect. This review focuses on new concepts and techniques of surgery and non-surgical cosmetic surgery of female external genitalia, including the surgical methods, such as mons pubic plasty, clitoral hood plasty, labia minora reduction surgery, labia majora reduction surgery, labia majora augmentation surgery, perineoplasty, vaginoplasty, and non-surgical methods like G-spot augmentation, orgasm shot therapy, photoelectricity-energy based therapy, etc. It could help plastic surgeons and gynecologists to understand the concepts and therapeutics better in this field.

Cosmetic and plastic surgery of female external genitalia is a new subject which adopts surgical or non-surgical methods to rectification of vulva and vagina.With the social progress, genitalia plastic surgery has also achieved a dramatic of development, various new technologies has been applied, and women’s genitalia plastic surgery has shown a good prospect. This review focuses on new concepts and techniques of surgery and non-surgical cosmetic surgery of female external genitalia, including the surgical methods, such as mons pubic plasty, clitoral hood plasty, labia minora reduction surgery, labia majora reduction surgery, labia majora augmentation surgery, perineoplasty, vaginoplasty, and non-surgical methods like G-spot augmentation, orgasm shot therapy, photoelectricity-energy based therapy, etc. It could help plastic surgeons and gynecologists to understand the concepts and therapeutics better in this field.

Objective: To explore the characteristics of acute otitis media(AOM) in children in Beijing and its correlation with meteorological factors. Methods: Data were collected in 2011-2013 in the Otolaryngology Department of Capital Institute of Pediatrics. AOM in children with relevant information, such as age, sex and season, with the same period of the Beijing municipal meteorological data (the average temperature, average pressure, average wind speed, humidity and PM2.5) were compared to analysis the relationship of meteorological environmental parameters and the onset of AOM in children. Results: Annual morbidity of AOM was 7 589, 8 245, 7 242 respectively, no obvious difference(P=0.761). It was noted that one peak could be seen in December, and a valley in February, followed by August. Summer was less than the other three seasons (P<0.05). The morbidity of AOM had a small peak within one year after birth, then reached peak at the age of about 4, and then reduced gradually. In different age groups, male patients were higher than those of female. The incidence of AOM was positively correlation tendency with air pressure and PM2.5 (r=0.333, 0.093, P=0.000, 0.002), which was negatively correlation tendency with daily temperature or humidity (r=-0.327, -0.195, P=0.000, 0.000). Conclusions The incidence of AOM of children in Beijing changes with age, and has obvious seasonal variation. There may be some correlation between the meteorological factors and the incidence of AOM in children.

Objective To investigate the effect of Compound Lingdan Capsule on serum biochemical parameters and liver fibrosis degree in a mouse model of liver fibrosis. Methods A total of 125 specific pathogen-free male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into normal control group with 5 mice, CCl 4 model group with 15 mice, low-, middle-, and high-dose CCl 4 groups (0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 mg·g -1 ·d -1 ) with 15 mice in each group, DDC model group with 15 mice, and low-, middle-, and high-dose DDC groups (0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 mg·g -1 ·d -1 ) with 15 mice in each group. After successful modeling, the mice in the administration groups were given Compound Lingdan Capsule suspension at the respective doses by gavage, and those in the normal control group and the model group were given an equal volume of normal saline by gavage, for 4 consecutive weeks. Blood samples were collected from the eyeballs, and serum was used to measure aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin, and bilirubin. Liver tissue samples were collected at the same site of the right lobe of the liver for pathological observation, Sirius Red staining, α-SMA antibody staining, and COL1A1 antibody staining. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of continuous data between multiple groups, and the Bonferroni method was used for further comparison between two groups. Results Compared with the model group, each dose group had significant reductions in the serum level of ALT and a significant increase in the serum level of albumin after the administration of Compound Lingdan Capsule (all P < 0.05), the levels of AST and bilirubin in the middle and high dose groups were lower (all P < 0.05), and the difference of each index in the high dose group was more significant than that in the low dose group (all P < 0.05). Each dose group had varying degrees of improvement in the pathological changes of the liver and a significant reduction in the number of Sirius Red staining-positive cells, as well as varying degrees of reduction in the protein expression of α-SMA and COL1A1. Conclusion Compound Lingdan Capsule can improve liver function and reduce liver fibrosis degree in mice with liver fibrosis.

Objective    To investigate the characteristics and influencing factors of N1 in T2 stage of the 8th TNM stage of The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) (3 cm