Objective:To explore the effect of methylphenidate on the balance function of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,and the correlation between the variations of balance function and subjective clinical assessment before and after treatment.Methods:From July to December 2006,23 children(19 boys and 4 girls) who met DSM-Ⅳ criteria for ADHD participated in an open study conducted at Institute of Mental Health,Peking University.The variation of their balance functions before and after methylphenidate extended-release tablets(OROS methylphenidate) treatment were evaluated,and the differences of balance functions between 19 ADHD boys pre-and post-treatment and 38 age-matched typically developing control boys were compared.Balance functions were assessed with sensory organization test(SOT) provided by SMART EquiTest system.Subjective clinical assessments were measured with ADHD rating scale-Ⅳ and IOWA Conners rating scale.Results:The equilibrium score(ES) in SOT5,SOT6,and composite score (61.84?14.19,65.88?15.41,and 75.70?10.30,respectively),and the strategy score(SS) in SOT4 and SOT5(89.20?3.17 and 83.22?6.56),and the sensory analysis of vestibular ratio(67.64?14.43) improved significantly after OROS methylphenidate treatment compared to those before treatment(49.81?16.26,57.61?16.72,68.70?11.96,86.84?4.49,78.55?6.55,and 54.46?17.27,respectively,P0.05). Conclusion:This study suggests that methylphenidate can improve the balance function of children with ADHD through direct effect on the balance system.

Objective:To test the effect of extended-released methylphenidate(Concerta) on ecological executive function for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) and to evaluate the correlation between the improvement of ecological executive function and that of the core symptom of ADHD.Methods:We conducted a 4-6-week open-trial study of extended-released methylphenidate(18-54 mg/d) in 26 children with ADHD,aged 8-14 years.Ecological executive function and ADHD symptoms were ascertained by the parent form of behavior rating inventory of executive function(BRIEF),ADHD-Ⅳ rating scale and Conners short form rating scales before and after the treatment.Results:The mean item raw score of global executive composite(GEC),metacognition index(MI),working memory,monitor and inhibition subscale of BRIEF were significantly decreased after the treatment(t=2.763-3.380,P

Objective:To study the differences of brain functions between children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) predominantly inattentive (ADHD-I) and combined(ADHD-C) subtypes in resting state using functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI).Methods:A newly reported regional homogeneity(ReHo) approach was used to analyze blood oxygen level-dependent fMRI(BOLD-fMRI) data in resting state among 6 ADHD-C,9 ADHD-I and 15 normal control boys.Results:The brain regions showing differences among the three groups included bilateral frontal lobe,right cuneus and right inferior temporal gyrus.Compared with the normal controls,ADHD-C showed decreased ReHo in left frontal lobe and right inferior temporal gyrus,ADHD-I showed decreased ReHo in bilateral frontal and temporal lobe and right cerebellum and increased ReHo in bilateral occipital lobe and right inferior parietal gyrus.There were no brain regions showing different ReHo between ADHD-C and ADHD-I.Conclusion:Although both ADHD-C and ADHDI showed abnormal neural activity in resting state compared with the normal controls,there were no differences for brain functions in resting state between ADHD-C and ADHD-I.

Objective:To explore whether methylphenidate(MPH) can improve the executive function(EF) of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) children and the degree of the improvements.Method:We conducted an open study of 29 children(25 boys and 4 girls) who met DSM-Ⅳ criteria for ADHD.The variations of their EF before and after methylphenidate extended-release tablets [osmotic release oral system(OROS) methylphenidate] treatment were evaluated,and the differences of EF between 24 ADHD boys before and after treatment and 24 age-matched typically developing control boys were compared.The research instruments included Stroop color-word task,Rey complex figure test,digit span test,trail making test,tower of Hanoi and verbal fluency test.Results:The performances of errors in Stroop 1,time and errors of Stroops 2 and 4;the immediate memory and delay recalling of structure and detail score of RCFT;time of number-letter trail making,shifting time;total time and steps,rule violation of tower of Hanoi improved significantly after OROS methylphenidate treatment as compared with those before treatment.They were no significant differences between ante-and post-treatment. The initiation planning time of tower of Hanoi was significantly shorter after treatment as compared with that before treatment.Conclusion:This study suggests that methylphenidate can improve the executive function in the aspects of inhibition,visual working memory,set shifting and planning in ADHD children,and almost all aspects of EF can reach the normal level except the inhibition.

Objective:To explore the association between CYP2D6 gene polymorphism of cytochrome and clinical response to atomoxetinein children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Methods:Totally 111 Han Chinese boys meeting criteria for ADHD in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edi-tion (DSM-IV)were recruited.Atomoxetine treatment was given in titrated doses in order to achieve optimal re-sponse.Behavior changes were measured with the ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS)at baseline and after optimal doses were reached.The decrease of ADHD-RS scores were primary measures of the treatment effect,the scores of the items in the ADHD-RS was less than or equal to 1 for the remission criteria.The three SNPs of CYP2D6 genes(rs1080985,rs1065852,rs16947)were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results:There was no asso-ciation between single polymorphisms andatomoxetine after adjusting for baseline rating scores (P >0.05).In con-trast,haplotype analysis revealed that some patients with GAC haplotype achieved significant remission [remission vs.non-remission haplotype frequency (rate):5 /56 (8.9%)vs.3 /164(1.8%),P <0.05 ].After multiple testing correction still existed significant trend(P =0.082)and also found correlation trends after correlation analysis be-tween GAC haplotype and clinical response to atomoxetine (P =0.078),8 patients with GAC haplotype carriers were all effective response to treatment,non-responders without this haplotype.Conclusion:These results suggest association between polymorphisms of CYP2D6 gene and ADHD better clinical improvement with atomoxetine treatment,it is worth further exploration in a large sample.

Objective:To determine the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on resting-state brain functional changes in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods:Participants including 10 adults with ADHD aged 18-65 years,diagnosed with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition (DSM-Ⅳ) and 12 age-and gender-matched healthy controls.The ADHD symptoms and executives functions were assessed using the ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) respectively and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging were acquired before and after 12-session,CBT for ADHD patients.The healthy controls were also scanned.We used the regional homogeneity (ReHo) to capture the changes of regional brain function between pre-and post-CBT in ADHD for measuring the effects of CBT.Results:After CBT,the total scores of ADHD-RS [(43 ± 7) vs.(31 ± 7),P ＜ 0.01],the subscale of inattention and subscale of hyperactivity/impulsivity were decreased in ADHD adults.As for the executive functions,the subs cales of monitor [(15 ± 2) vs.(11 ± 2),P ＜ 0.01] and organization [(19 ± 5) vs.(14 ± 4),P ＜ 0.01] in BRIEF were reduced significantly in adults with ADHD after CBT training.The ReHo was increased in the regions involved in default mode network and fronto-parietal network,i.e.,right parahippocampa gyrus,fight precentral gyms,fight postcentral gyms and left postcentral gyrus (Voxels with P ＜ 0.05 and cluster size ＞3051mm3,which resulted in a corrected threshold of P ＜ 0.01 determined by AlphaSim).Conclusion:These findings support that CBT could selectively modulate the regional brain function in the default mode network and fronto-parietal network which may contribute to the improvement of ADHD symptoms and executive functions.

Objective: To examine independent food purchasing behavior and influence factors among primary and secondary school students, and to provide evidence for formulating and implementing corresponding intervention measures. Methods: Using a two stage stratified random cluster sampling principle, 976 primary and secondary school students in Haidian District of Beijing were selected to participate in a questionnaire survey from March to May 2021, and students independent food purchases and associated factors were considered. Results: The proportion of middle school students who often purchased food independently (22.79%) was higher than that of primary school students(16.77%)( χ 2=5.58， P <0.05). The proportion of middle school students and primary school students who sometimes purchased food independently was 66.32% and 60.33%, respectively( χ 2=3.78， P >0.05). The proportion of middle school students who never purchased food independently (10.88%) was lower than that of primary school students(22.90%)( χ 2=25.10， P <0.05). The proportion of middle school students and primary school students who often purchased food with their parents was 30.80% and 32.52%, respectively( χ 2=0.33， P >0.05). The factors that primary and secondary school students often considered when purchasing food included personal factors (e.g., physical and psychological factors), family factors, social factors, and the food itself. The top five factors that middle school students often considered when purchasing food were taste, hygiene, production date, student s mood, and advertisement. The top five factors that primary school students often considered when purchasing food were hygiene, taste, production date, advertising, and quality. The proportion of students with consideration of nutritional value, calorie level and collocation type, as well as other nutritional factors, when purchasing food was low, no significant differences were observed between primary and middle school students( χ 2=3.25，2.93，3.06， P >0.05). Conclusion Independent food purchasing behavior is prevalent among primary and secondary school students. Nutritional awareness among middle and primary school students is low. Effective and comprehensive nutrition interventions should be actively carried out for primary and secondary school students, while considering multiple dimensions such as schools, families and society, so as to encourage students to adopt a healthy diet.

Objectives:To analyze the performance and characteristics of adolescent suicide attempters in dif-ferent dimensions of decision making,a computational model was used in this study.Methods:A total of 70 adoles-cent suicide attempters with mood disorders meeting the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Re-lated Health Problems,Tenth Revision(ICD-10)diagnosis,40 non-suicide attempters with mood disorder,and 49 normal controls were included.By using the MCQ and IGT and through computational model analysis,the adoles-cent suicide attempters'performance and underlying cognitive components in impulsive decision making and value-and learning-based decision making were analyzed.Results:The overall delay discounting rates showed no signifi-cant differences(P＞0.05)among the group of suicide attempters,patient controls,and normal controls in the MCQ.This rate was significantly higher in suicide attempters and non-suicide attempters than in normal controls(P＜0.05);there was no significant difference between the three groups of subjects'decision making performance in the IGT(P＞0.05).Computational model analysis revealed that compared to non-suicide attempters and normal controls,suicide attempters showed reduced sensitivity to the outcome as well as reduced exploratory behavior(Pa-rameter estimate with non-overlapping 80％HDI).Conclusion:Adolescent suicide attempters may not be able to learn from the outcome of the decision and explore more possible options to resolve the crisis,as well as impulsive decision-making impairment may be associated with depressed states rather than suicide attempts.

ObjectiveTo investigate the developmental characteristics of gross motor skills and executive functions, and the correlation between them in school-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). MethodsFrom November, 2020 to May, 2021, 90 children with ADHD were recruited from Peking University Sixth Hospital and Beijing Haidian Wanquan Primary School, and other 90 children with normal development from this primary school were recruited matched their age and gender. Gross motor skills were assessed with the Test of Gross Motor Development in Children, Third Edition (TGMD-3), and inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility were assessed with Stroop Color Words Test (SCWT), Rey-Osterrich Complex Figure Test (ROCFT) and Trail Making Test (TMT), respectively. ResultsThe TGMD-3 score was significantly lower in children with ADHD than in normal children (t = -6.275, P < 0.001), while the test results of SCWT, ROCFT and TMT were worse (|t| ≥ 1.986, P ≤ 0.05). The TGMD-3 score of children with ADHD was negatively correlated with the word sense reaction time (r = -0.261), the number of word sense errors (r = -0.404) and the number of color errors (r = -0.326) (P < 0.05), positively correlated with the delayed structural memory scores (r = 0.228) (P < 0.05), and negatively correlated with the TMT-A reaction time (r = -0.255), the number of TMT-A errors (r = -0.329), TMT-B reaction time (r = -0.214) and the number of TMT-B errors (r = -0.474) (P < 0.05). Stratified linear regression analyses showed that the TGMD-3 score of children with ADHD was significant only in predicting test results for inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility (P < 0.05), with explanations of 8.7% and 22.5%, respectively. ConclusionDevelopments of both gross motor skills and executive function delay in children with ADHD, and there is a relation between them, especially the level of gross motor skills relating to the developments of inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility.

Objective:To investigate the characteristics of cortical morphology in children with attention defi-cit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)and those with oppositional defiant disorder(ODD)from both categorical and dimensional analyses.Methods:A total of 72 children were enrolled,including 16 children with ADHD and ODD,20 children with ADHD without ODD,and 36 age-gender-matched normal children.The diagnoses were made ac-cording to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition(DSM-Ⅳ)criteria.The Chi-nese Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children(C-WISC)was used to access intelligence quotient.All subjects par-ticipated in the magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)scan.The features of cortical morphology were determined using FreeSurfer software.Results:Children with ADHD and ODD[(6 528.1±857.5)mm3 vs.(7 591.2±657.3)]and children with ADHD only[(6 867.2±41.3)mm3 vs.(7 591.2±657.3)mm3]had smaller volume in the left later-al superior temporal gyrus(P＜0.05)than controls.No difference was found between ADHD with ODD group and ADHD without ODD group.There was no correlation between the cortical volume of left lateral superior temporal gyrus and ODD symptoms.Conclusion:The reduced cortical volume of left lateral superior temporal gyrus may be an important indication of the abnormal brain structure of ADHD in children.And comorbid status of ODD dose not change this structural variation.