AIM: To investigate the expression kinetics of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on the surface of the resting and activated B/T cells as well as monocytes from healthy human peripheral blood.METHODS: Fluorescent antibody staining together with flow cytometry were used to detect the percentages of the resting as well as the activated B cells and T cells that expressed PD-L1 and PD-L2.Meanwhile the percentages of the resting and activated monocytes that expressed PD-L2 were determined.RESULTS: Both resting B cells and T cells did not express PD-L1 on their surface,however PD-L1 expression was significantly up-regulated on the surface of the activated B cells after 6 h stimulation with LPS or pokeweed mitogen(PWM),and the percentages of B cells that expressed PD-L1 reached a plateau at 24 h,which were(46.26?10.71)% with LPS and(43.67?6.14)% with PWM stimulation,respectively.No markedly change of PD-L1 expression on the surface of the activated T cells after stimulation with LPS was observed,but upregulation of PD-L1 expression was observed when stimulation with PWM.The percentages of T cells that expressed PD-L1 reached a plateau at 24 h,which was(25.42?9.23)%.PD-L2 expression was not found on the resting as well as the activated B cells and T cells.In addition,the resting monocytes did not express PD-L2.Combination of INF-? plus LPS markedly induced the PD-L2 expression,and the percentages of monocytes that expressed PD-L2 reached a peak at 48 h,which was(28.70?14.22)%.CONCLUSION: The activated lymphocytes only express PD-L1,reaching a plateau at 24 h.PD-L2 is expressed on the surface of the activated monocytes,reaching a peak at 48 h.

OBJECTIVETo explore the genotype-phenotype correlation of a child with chromosome 18q deletion syndrome.

METHODSG-banded karyotyping, single nucleotide polymorphism array (SNP array) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were performed on the child with abnormal phenotypes. Genotype-phenotype correlation was explored following accurate mapping of the breakpoints on chromosome 18q. SNP array was also performed on the genome DNA derived from peripheral venous blood samples from both parents.

RESULTSChromosomal analysis revealed that the child has a karyotype of 46, XY, del(18) (q23). SNP array analysis detected a 9.855 Mb deletion (chr18: 68 158 880-78 014 123) at 18q22.2q23. Mapping of the breakpoints suggested that the deletion has overlapped with that of distal chromosome 18q deletion syndrome and encompassed several critical regions for this syndrome. SNP array performed on parental samples suggested that the 18q22.2q23 deletion was de novo in origin. FISH analysis of peripheral blood sample from the child confirmed the presence of 18qter deletion.

CONCLUSIONThe phenotype of this child may be attributed to the deletion of distal 18q22.2q23, which has encompassed several critical regions for the 18q deletion syndrome.

Chromosome Deletion ; Chromosome Disorders ; genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18 ; genetics ; Genetic Association Studies ; methods ; Genotype ; Humans ; Infant ; Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; genetics

OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of a false-negative result from karyotyping of chorionic villi cells for a trisomy 13 fetus featuring multiple malformations. METHODS: For a fetus with multiple malformations by ultrasonography and a 46,XY karyotype by chorionic villi analysis, amniocytes were further analyzed with quantitative fluorescence PCR (QF-PCR), G-banded karyotyping and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA). Meanwhile, non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) was conducted on peripheral blood sample from the pregnant woman to determine the chromosomal composition of cytotrophoblast. After induction of labor, common aneuploidies in placenta and fetal tissue were also analyzed by QF-PCR. RESULTS: QF-PCR, chromosomal karyotyping and CMA analysis of the amniocytes all suggested complete trisomy 13 (47,XY,+13) in the fetus. NIPT also suggested existence of fetal trisomy 13. QF-PCR analysis of the placenta and fetal tissues revealed that cells derived from the maternal surface and right side of fetal surface harbored mosaic trisomy 13, while those derived from other sites of fetal surface of the placenta, umbilical cord, amniotic membrane and fetal muscle tissue harbored trisomy 13. CONCLUSION Karyotyping of long-term cultured chorionic villus sample may give rise to false negative results due to placental mosaicism. To ensure accurate prenatal diagnosis, discordance between karyotyping of chorionic villi cells, fetal ultrasound and NIPT result should be verified by amniocentesis or cordocentesis and application of multiple cytogenetic and molecular techniques.

OBJECTIVETo detect mutations of SLC25A13 gene in 20 families affected with citrin deficiency and provide prenatal diagnosis for them.

METHODSThe 20 probands and their parents were subjected to high-frequency mutation screening combined with Sanger sequencing. After confirming the genotype of each pedigree, genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis were performed for their subsequent pregnancies.

RESULTSBiallelic pathogenic mutations of the SLC25A13 gene were identified in all probands. These included three deletions (c.851del4, c.1092_1095delT, and c.495delA), two splice-site mutations (IVS6+5G to A and IVS11+1G to A), two nonsense mutations (c.775C to T (p.Q259X) and c.72T to A (p.Y24X)), one duplication mutation (c.1638_1660dup), one insertion (IVSl6ins3kb), and one missense mutation (c.1775A to C (p.Q592P)). Among 24 fetuses undergoing prenatal diagnosis, 8 had normal genotypes, 11 were mutation carriers, while 5 harbored biallelic mutations. Those with wild type alleles or heterozygous SLC25A13 mutations were delivered. Two fetuses harboring homozygous c.851del4 mutations were also delivered. Three fetuses harboring biallelic mutations were terminated.

CONCLUSIONAnalysis of SLC25A13 gene mutations in families affected by citrin deficiency can provide evidence for molecular diagnosis and facilitate genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis for the subsequent pregnancy, which can effectively reduce the risk of birth of further affected children.