To determine the optimal pool size and pooled sample size for testing whether an infection rate has exceeded the critical level of malaria epidemics using the pool sampling method and fixed sample size approach. Methods The function between the pooled sample size and pool size was deduced by using arcsin transformation and normal distribution approximation while controlling the probability of type I and type II errors. Computer simulation was used to evaluate the approximate power function. Results The optimum pool size and the pooled sample size were obtained for different critical and normal levels of infection rates. Conclusion The optimal pool size and the pooled sample size are in an inverse relationship for given probability of type I and type H errors, so in practice we should make an evaluation according to the sampling cost and test cost.

Objective: To provide a minimum sample size approach and a sequential sampling approach for testing whether the sporozoite rate has exceeded the critical level of malaria epidemics using the pool sampling method. Methods: Formulas of the expected pooled sample size and the power of tests were deduced while controlling the probability of type I and type II errors. The optimal pool sizes of the 2 approaches were given by minimizing the expected pooled sample size; computer simulation was used to verify the outcomes. Results: The optimal pool size, programming of MATLAB, and the steps of trials of the 2 approaches were given. The minimum sample size approach could be used for routine surveillance and sequential sampling approach could be used for early warning. Conclusion: The optimal pool size in the present study can obtain satisfactory testing power (type I and type II errors are both lower than 5%) and can effectively decrease the pooled sample size.

Objective: To analyze the influencing factors of investment management of hospital intangible assets, so as to provide countermeasures for establishing and optimizing the investment management system of hospital intangible assets. Methods: Taking hospital reputation as an example, we analyzed its role in the investment management of hospital intangible assets and the maintenance of hospital reputation in an economic perspective using Shapiro model and game theory. Results: The factors, such as the blueprint of hospital, efficiency of medical quality information transmission, and cost variance, all influenced the reputation of hospital. Conclusion: In the health care field, stable property right system should be established and market information agents should be cultivated. The administrative actions of involved departments should abide by the related regulation and the running system of hospitals should be optimized.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Hexanes ; poisoning ; Humans ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Occupational Diseases ; therapy ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

Aim To evaluate the effects of R-Salbutamol(R-Sal)on the contraction of isolated tracheal strips and lung parenchyma strips in guinea-pig,induced by Histamine(His).Methods Tracheal strips and lung parenchyma strips of guinea-pig in vitro were prepared,and the dilatory effect on shrinkage reaction of isolating specimens induced by His were measured before or after the administration of R-Sal in doses of 10-8,10-7,10-6 mol?L-1,with fix-doses pharmacology methods.The inhibitory effect was compared with that of Sal(10-6 mol?L-1).Results His could induce the contraction of isolated strips in guinea-pig in a dose-dependent manner,and R-Sal could significantly inhibit this shrinkage of lung parenchyma induced by His.in a dose-dependent manner.R-Sal was much more efficient than Sal(P

Adult ; Aged ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; therapeutic use ; Cisplatin ; administration & dosage ; Deoxycytidine ; administration & dosage ; analogs & derivatives ; Female ; Humans ; Lymphoma, T-Cell ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Male ; Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate ; administration & dosage ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; drug therapy ; Remission Induction

Objective To investigate the effects of smad7 on transdifferentiation and collagenⅠsynthesis in advanced glyeosylation end-products(AGE)-stimulated NRK52E cells.Methods NRK52E cells were transferred by pTet-on plasmid system and the cell lines of doxycycline(Dox)-regulated Smad7 expression were selected for the study.Transnuclear location of p-Smad2/3 was examined with immunocytochemistry.The mRNA and protein expressions of Smad7,?-SMA,E-cadherin,collagenⅠwere detected with RT-PCR and Western blot. Results AGE-induced expressions of Smad7 mRNA and protein were further increased in NRK52E cells by the addition of Dox in a dose-dependent manner.Overexpression of Smad7 caused a marked inhibition of p-Smad2/3 transnuclear location at 30 min(68.3% vs 31.2%,P

A 2,4 -dichlorophenol degrading Pseudomonas strain GI241-1 was isolated from a soil sample. The dienelactone hydrolase gene, designated as dcpD which encodes dienelactone hydrolase involved in transforming cis-2-chloro-dienelactone into 2-chloromaleylacetic acid, was cloned from this bacterium strain. The gene cloning strategy was to construct genomic library after location of its neighbouring gene by Southem blot and to screen the aim transformant by dot blotting. Sequencing results showed that length of dcpD is 702bp. The sequence of dcpD and the deduced amino acid are different from the relative sequences registered in the GenBank.

Objective: To understand the prevalence of hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) infection in sentinel surveillance in Liaoning Province from 2015 to 2019, in order to provide evidence for the precise prevention and control of HCV. Methods: The HCV sentinel surveillance data of 5 kinds of populations, including dialyzed patients, patients receiving invasive diagnosis and treatment, family planning outpatients, people receiving physical examination and unpaid blood donators in Liaoning Province from 2015 to 2019 were retrieved, and the HCV positive rates of different years, gender and age groups in the five populations were analyzed. Results: There were 26 000 persons surveyed and 61 HCV positive cases were detected from 2015 to 2019. The HCV positive rate was 0.23%. The HCV positive rates of dialyzed patients, patients receiving invasive diagnosis and treatment, family planning outpatients, people receiving physical examination and unpaid blood donators were 0.40%, 0.70%, 0.25%, 0.24% and 0.14%, respectively. The HCV positive rates of dialyzed patients, patients receiving invasive diagnosis and treatment, and unpaid blood donators had significant downward trends ( P<0.05 ). The HCV positive rates of males and females were 0.22% and 0.26%, without any significant difference ( P>0.05 ). The HCV positive rate of people aged above 70 years old was 1.15%, the highest among different age groups. Conclusions The prevalence of HCV infection among the patients with hemodialysis and with invasive diagnosis and treatment is relatively high. The level of HCV antibody of older age groups should be monitored regularly.

This study is to investigate the anti-tumor activities of a novel cyclophosphamide derivate 4, 6-diphenyl cyclophosphamide (9b) in vivo and in vitro, and its possible mechanism of action. The inhibitory effects of 9b on human hepatoma cell line HepG2, human breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7 and human myeloid leukemia cell line K562 were measured by MTT assay in vitro. Cell cycle distribution and apoptotic rate were evaluated by flow cytometry. To evaluate the anti-tumor effect of 9b in vivo, mouse model bearing inoculated H22 tumor was established. The results indicated that 9b could inhibit the proliferation of HepG2, MCF-7 and K562 cells in a dose and time dependent manner. The ICo50 values of 9b were 32.34 micromol.L-1 to HepG2 cells, 87.07 micromol.L-1 to MCF-7 cells and 149.10 micromol.L-1 to K562 cells after incubation for 48 h. The results of flow cytometry indicated that after being treated for 48 h with different concentrations of 9b, the ratios of HepG2, MCF-7 cells at the Go/G1 phase and K562 cells at the G0/Gl phase and G2/M phase increased significantly compared with control group, and the apoptotic rate increased with the increase of the concentration of 9b. 9b could significantly reduce tumor weight of H22 solid tumor mouse model in vivo. To summarize, 9b showed significantly anti-tumor activity in vivo and in vitro, of which the mechanism might be associated with the change of cell cycle distribution and induction of tumor cell apoptosis.
Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cell Cycle ; drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Cyclophosphamide ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Humans ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental ; pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Molecular Structure ; Random Allocation ; Tumor Burden ; drug effects