Objective To characterize the nasal resonance of children with spastic cerebral palsy by comparing it with that of ordinary school-age children.Methods The mean nasalance scores (MNSs) of 90 normal school-age children and 62 school-age children with spastic cerebral palsy were measured and compared.Results (1) Age has significant effects on the MNS of/a/,/i/and/m/ in ordinary children,but has almost no effect on the MNS of/u/.The MNS of/a/,/i/,/u/ and/m/ in children with spastic cerebral palsy does not change with age.(2) Sex only has a significant relationship with the MNS of/i/ in ordinary children,but does not significantly predict the other MNSs.(3) The MNS of/a/ of children with spastic cerebral palsy is significantly lower than that of ordinary children,and their MNS of/i/ and /u/ is significantly greater than those of ordinary children.Conclusions The MNS of /a/,/i/and /u/first increases and then decreases with age in ordinary children,while the MNS of/m/ increases gradually.Children with spastic cerebral palsy did not show the same trends and demonstrated a state of retardation of nasal resonance.Children with spastic cerebral palsy are more likely to display hypernasality than ordinary children.

Objective To understand the drug resistance and antibiotic resistance mechanism ofβ-lactam antibiotics of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from Shanghai Children′s Hospital, provides the reference for the rational use of antimicrobial agents.Methods This study is based on the research of the mechanism of drug resistance.62 isolates of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae were collected from Shanghai Children′s Hospital from January 2005 to December 2011.Minimum inhibitory concentrations ( MIC) of strains to 9 antimicrobial agents were determined by E-test method.The penicillin binding protein coding genes pbp2x, pbp2b, and pbp1a of Streptococcus pneumoniae were amplified by PCR.Then, the correlation between the gene mutation andβ-lactam antibiotics resistant level were analyzed.The murM gene of Streptococcus pneumoniae was amplified by PCR and the correlation of mutation and β-lactam antibiotics resistant level was analyzed.Results Out of 62 strains of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae from children, the detection rate of penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae was 43.6% (27/62).Between penicillin intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae ( PISP ) ( 100%, 25/25 ) and penicillin sensitive Streptococcus pneumoniae (PSSP) (3/10), the difference of gene mutation rate near the pbp2b conserved sequence was statistically significant (χ2 =21.875, P<0.01).The same situation occurred between penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP)(100%, 27/27)and PSSP (3/10) (χ2 =23.310, P<0.01).Also the difference of gene mutation rate of PISP (84%, 21/25) vs PSSP (0) and PSSP (0) vs PRSP (85.2%, 23/27) near or in the pbp2x conserved sequence were statistically significant (χ2 =21.000, P <0.01;χ2 =22.513,P<0.01).The difference of gene mutation rate near the pbp1a conserved sequence and Insertion sequence, which were statistically significant, occurred between PISP and PSSP (χ2 =13.22,P<0.01), between PRSP and PSSP (χ2 =37.000,P<0.01), between PISP and PRSP (χ2 =10.211,P=0.001). MurM gene mutation rate was statistically significant different between the 2 group penicillin MIC≥8 mg/L or ceftriaxone MIC≥2 mg/L group (95.8%, 23/24) and penicillin MIC<8 mg/L or ceftriaxone MIC<2 mg/L group (0) (χ2 =56.2,P =0.002 6).Conclusions The resistance phenomenon of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in Shanghai Children′s Hospital is serious.The gene mutations of pbps and murM play a role in amide in the beta of antibiotic resistance, and there is a certain correlation with the antibiotic resistance level.

Adult ; Carotid Artery, External ; anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Hypoglossal Nerve ; anatomy & histology ; Tongue ; anatomy & histology ; blood supply ; innervation

Reference materials containing mixed degradation products of amoxicillin and ampicillin were developed after optimization of preparation processes. The target impurities were obtained by controlled stress testing, and each major component was identified with HPLC-MS and compared with single traceable reference standard each. The developed reference materials were applied to system suitability test for verifying HPLC system performed in accordance with set forth in China Pharmacopeia and identification of major impurities in samples based on retention and spectra information, which have advantages over the methods put forth in foreign pharmacopoeias. The development and application of the reference materials offer an effective way for rapid identification of impurities in chromatograms, and provide references for analyzing source of impurities and evaluation of drug quality.
Amoxicillin ; chemistry ; Ampicillin ; chemistry ; China ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drug Contamination ; Mass Spectrometry ; Reference Standards

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Constipation ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

Objective To analyze the risk factors of pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection in sputum acid-fast bacilli positive and/or mycobacteria culture positive patients.Methods One hundred and sixty-three patients with pulmonary NTM infection were recruited from Jan 2006 to Jun 2011 in Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital and 326 patients with sputum positive pulmonary tuberculosis who were selected by random systemic sampling method in the same period were recruited as control.The data were retrospectively analyzed.The related factors were compared between groups by chi-square test.The risk factors of pulmonary NTM infection were analyzed by binary Logistic regression model.Results There were statistically significant differences of age,history of smoking,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),bronchiectasis,thin walled cavities focus,purified protein derivative (PPD) test between patients with pulmonary NTM infection and patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (all P＜0.05).Univariate analysis showed that age [45-60year (OR=2.637,95％CI:1.631-4.264; P＜0.001); ＞60 year (OR=4.194,95％CI:2.581-6,813 ; P＜0.001)],history of smoking [10-20 year (OR=1.842,95％CI:1.0843.070; P=0.024),＞20 year (OR=2.040,95％CI:1.167-3.567; P=0.012)],COPD (OR=2.698,95％CI:1.588-4.583; P＜0.001),bronchiectasis (OR=3.566,95％CI:2.343-5.427;P＜0.001),thin walled cavities focus (OR=2.592,95％CI:1.581-4.250; P＜0.001) and a weak-positive reaction of PPD test (OR=2.389,95％CI:1.276-4.472; P=0.006) were all risk factors of pulmonary NTM infection.Multivariate analysis showed that age＞60 year (OR=3.961,95％CI:2.183-7.189 ; P＜0.001),bronchiectasis (OR =3.880,95 ％ CI:2.342-6.487 ; P＜0.001),thin walled cavities focus (OR=2.898,95％CI:1.567-5.360; P＜0.001),COPD (OR=2.503,95％ CI:1.289-4.857; P=0.007),age45-60 year (OR=2.452,95％CI:1.391 4.325; P=0.002)anda weak-positive reaction of PPD test (OR=2.295,95％CI..1.132-4.652; P=0.021) were independent risk factors of pulmonary NTM infection.Conclusion In sputum acid-fast bacilli positive and/or mycobacteria culture positive patients,age≥ 45 year,COPD,bronchiectasis,thin walled cavities focus and a weak-positive reaction of PPD test are risk factors of pulmonary NTM infection.The clinicians should pay close attention to the results of species identification.

Objective:To observe the clinical effect of tuina plus Baixiao moxibustion in the treatment of temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome (TJDS). Methods: A total of 70 TJDS patients who met the inclusion criteria were randomized into an observation group and a control group by flipping a coin, with 35 cases in each group. Patients in the observation group were treated with tuina plus Baixiao moxibustion, while patients in the control group received oral intake of diclofenac potassium (75 mg/pill), 1 pill after every dinner. Both tuina and Baixiao moxibustion were done once a day during treatment. The therapeutic evaluation was evaluated after 10 treatments in both groups. The maximum mouth opening distance and visual analog scale (VAS) were observed before and after treatment, and the therapeutic efficacy was also compared. Results: After treatment, the maximum mouth opening distance and VAS improved in both groups (all P＜0.05); both items in the observation group were superior to those in the control group (both P＜00.05). The total effective rate was 91.4% in the observation group, versus 74.3% in the control group, and the between-group comparison of the total effective rate showed statistical significance (P＜0.05). Conclusion: Tuina plus Baixiao moxibustion can effectively improve TJDS patient’s temporomandibular joint function and alleviate pain, with better efficacy than oral intake of diclofenac potassium.

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the inclusion process of the volatile oil of Pogostemon cablin and Acorus tatarinowii in Xiaoyu anshen capsule.METHODS:The inclusion process was carried out by saturated water solution method.And the inclusion process was optimized by orthogonal experiment with the inclusion ratio and yield of the volatile oil as indexes taking the ratio of volatile oil to ?-CD,the temperature and the time of inclusion as factors.The physical phase of the inclusion complex was detected by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC).RESULTS:The optimum inclusion process was established as follows:the ratio of oil to ?-CD=1∶8;the ratio of water to ?-CD=10∶1;the inclusion time was 1h and the inclusion temperature was 50 ℃.The inclusion rate was as high as 90%.The DSC revealed that a new physical phase has been formed for the inclusion complex.CONCLUSION:The intermolecular inclusion complex with good stability and high yield of volatile oil could be obtained from the optimized inclusion process.

Objective To search for the distinctive diagnostic features of Crohn's disease and intestinal tuberculosis in clinical manifestations with methods widely used clinically.Methods A retrospective study enrolled 33 Crohn's disease and 34 intestinal tuberculosis inpatients in West China Hospital of Sichuan University from 1996 to 2007.The clinical characteristics and key points of differential diagnosis were analyzed.All the pathological sections were studied again.Results The total duration of symptoms in patients with a diagnosis of Crohn's disease was longer than that in patients with intestinal tuberculosis ( P < 0.05 ).The incidence of eolectomy is significantly higher in Crohn' s disease than in intestinal tuberculosis because of intestinal obstruction or undefined diagnosis ( P < 0.05 ).Hematochezia,extra-intestinal manifestation and ileus occurred significantly more in Crohn's disease than in intestinal tuberculosis( P < 0.05 ).Night sweating and hypoalbuminemia occurred significantly more in intestinal tuberculosis than in Crohn's disease( P <0.05 ).The positive rate of serum antibodies to mycobacterium and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate is higher in intestinal tuberculosis than in Crohn's disease(P < 0.05).Cobblestone sign and fissure-shape ulcers were only found in Crohn's disease,while circular ulcer occurred significantly more in intestinal tuberculosis( P <0.05).The involvement of stomach,jejunum or ileum was significantly more in Crohn's disease than in intestinal tuberculosis( P < 0.05 ).Granulomas were more common in intestinal tuberculosis than in Crohn's disease( P < 0.05 ) and the site of granulomas was valuable for differential diagnosis.In all the Crohn's disease specimens,lymphoid aggregates in the lamina propria or submucosa were significantly more in surgically reseeted specimens than in endoscopic biopsies (P <0.05).Conclusions There are definitely some different features between the two diseases.It is essential to review the whole clinical data of the patient.The frequency of granulomas and the distribution of chronic inflammation are identified as histological parameters that can be used to differentiate tuberculosis and Crolm's disease.

Objective By analyzing the graph features of fundamental frequency at different rates of/i/with continuously variable pitch and loundness made by normal adults,we could explore that the rate and gender have some impact on the graph to lay the foundation of regulating the clinical maximum counting ability.Methods Nor-mal adults of 51 (25 males,26 females were included).After each deep breathing,the subjects respectively took sustained speech/i/ with continuously variable pitch and lounolness twice at different rates of fast,medium and slow speed.Some parameters were measured byDoctor Speechat different rates of the tone/i/:Total time(T), Mean time standard deviation (MTSD),Mean wave crest (MWC),Mean wave trough (MWT),Mean frequency range (MFR),Mean frequency range standard deviation (MFRSD),comparing the speed having some effect on those above parameters with gender.ResuIts ①With the increasing rate of speech,the tone/i/of T (P<0.001), MFR (P<0.01)and MTSD (P<0.001)were significantly decreased,MWT significantly increased (P<0.001), While the MWC and MFRSD did not change significantly (P>0.05 ).②The tone /i/ of T (P>0.05 )were not effected by gender,female's MWT (P<0.001),MWC (P<0.001),MFR (P<0.001),MFRSD (P<0.01)were obviously higher than male's,while female's MTSD were significantly larger than male's (P<0.01).ConcIusion We should consider the impact of rate of speech and gender in clinical tests and values of MCA.The maximum counting capacity can be respectively tested at three different rates of speech for each subject,but only are the tone/i/of fun-damental frequency graphs with MWT,MWC,MFR,and MFRSD in normal range with corresponding speed and gender,can we get the value or can the value be valid.