It is an obvious contradiction between the shortage of kidney donors and the increasing demand for kidney transplantation.Living- related donor kidney transplantation may be a proper resolution,which has been academically proved to be superior to cadaveric kidney transplantation.However,there are still many ethical problems unsolved.Based on ethical theory and the"Seven Principles",we explore possible solutions to the ethical problems of living - related donor kidney transplantation.

Adult ; Anti-Retroviral Agents ; therapeutic use ; DNA, Viral ; Female ; Hepatitis B e Antigens ; blood ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; drug therapy ; virology ; Humans ; Lamivudine ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Treatment Outcome ; Viral Load

OBJECTIVETo explore a good way of the reconstruction of severe tibial shaft fractures by using different flaps and external fixators.

METHODSEighty-five patients of Type IIIC tibial shaft fractures with average age of 42.5 years were treated in our hospital from 1990 to 2005. Injuries were caused by motorcycle accidents in 66 patients, by machine accidents in 16 patients, and by stone bruise in 3 patients. The management procedures consisted of administration of antibiotics, serial debridment, bone grafting if needed, application of different flaps, such as free thoracoumbilical flaps, fasciocutaneous flaps, saphenous neurocutaneous vascular flaps, sural neurocutaneous vascular flaps and gastrocnemius muscular flaps, and different external fixations, for instance, half-ring fixators, unilateral axial dynamic fixators, AO fixators, Weifang fixators, and Hybrid fixators. The average follow up was 6.3 years.

RESULTSAll flaps survived. Eighty-three cases had bone healed. The average bone healing time of different external fixations was 5.5 months in 47 cases with half-ring fixators, 9.2 months in 4 cases treated with unilateral axial dynamic fixators, 8.5 months in 6 cases with AO fixators, 10.7 months in 16 cases with Weifang fixators, and 7.8 months in 10 cases with assembly fixators. Except half-ring fixation, other fixations all needed necessary bone graft. Two cases treated with unilateral axial dynamic fixators had nonunion of bone and developed osteomyelitis. The wounds healed after the removal of the fixators and immobilization by plaster. The last follow up examination showed ankle and knee motion was normal and no pain was noted.

CONCLUSIONSThe combination of half-ring external fixators with various flaps provides good results for Type IIIC tibial shaft fractures.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Bone Transplantation ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Debridement ; Female ; Fracture Fixation ; methods ; Fracture Healing ; Humans ; Leg Injuries ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; methods ; Retrospective Studies ; Surgical Flaps ; Tibial Fractures ; surgery ; Treatment Outcome