Three-Layer thought is an important proposition in Chinese traditional philosophy. This thought embodies the Chinese people's cosmology and methodology and exerts a far-reaching influence on various aspects of Chinese culture. The embodiment of Three-Layer thought in the theory and practice of acupuncture and moxibustion from naming of acupoints, principles of treatment, needling instruments, prescription of acupoints as well as needling techniques is elaborated and briefly analyzed. Thus it illustrates the comprehensive application of Three-Layer thought in acupuncture and moxibustion through the history and the significance of Chinese traditional philosophy in the science of acupuncture and moxibustion.
Acupuncture ; history ; instrumentation ; methods ; China ; Culture ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature ; Moxibustion ; history ; instrumentation ; methods

Objective To evaluate the clinical curative efficacy and to explore the leaking pathway of bone cement to verte‐bral canal through treating osteoporotic vertebral burst fractures (OVBF) by using percutaneous kyphoplasty(PKP) .Methods Ac‐cording to AO classification ,45 OVBF patients with 45 vertebras in the Erdos Central Hospital from October 2005 to May 2013 were treated by using PKP .The pathway of bone cement leaking to spinal canal and intervertebral space was determined by postop‐erative CT plain scan .The postoperative vertebral height ,Cobb angle and spinal stenosis improvement were measured .The change of VAS were compared between before and after operation .Results There were 2 cases of bone cement leaking to spinal canal .The leaking passway was mainly through basivertebral foramen .The leakage of bone cement to superior intervertebral space was higher than that to lower intervertebral space .The recovery of the vertebral height ,correction of Cobb angle and pre‐and post‐operative VAS scores had statistically significant differences (P<0 .05) .The spinal stenosis rate had no statistical difference between before and after operation(P>0 .05) .Conclusion PKP for treating OVBF is not a contraindication .The main pathway of bone cement lea‐king to spinal canal is basivertebral foramen after the treatment of OVBF by using PKP ,the leakage to intervertebral space is relat‐ed with the endplate damage .

Objective To evaluate the role of contrast-enhanced color Doppler ultrasonography with Levovist in the diagnosis of liver tumors.Methods One hundred and twenty-five patients with 126 hepatic solid lesions were examined by conventional color Doppler and contrast enhanced ultrasonography.All hepatic lesions were confirmed by pathology.Of these,79 cases with hepatocellular carcinoma,4 cases with metastatic liver carcinoma,13 cases with hemangioma,7 cases with inflammatory pseudotumor of liver,7 cases with focal nodule hyperplasia,and 15 cases with other benign lesions.The Levovist with a concentration of 400 mg/ml was injected into an antecubital vein within approximately 2 minutes.Results All hepatic solid lesions with blood supply were differently enhanced by contrast-ultrasonography (I～IV grades).The color flow signals with grade III and grade IV were detected in one malignant lesion before contrast-enhancement and in 41 malignant lesions ( 49.4%) after contrast-enhancement.The color flow signals were detected by contrast-enhanced sonography in 26 malignant lesions ( 92.8%) with no color Doppler signals and in 33 benign lesions ( 76.7%).The mean resistive index of liver cancer group was much higher than that of benign lesion group before and after contrast-enhancement.The accuracy rate for diagnosing liver tumors was raised from 66.7% (84/126) in pre-enhancement to 94.4% (119/126) in post-enhancement.Conclusions The contrast-enhanced color Doppler ultrasonography is very useful in the differential diagnosis of liver tumors.

Objective To evaluate the value of dynamic grey-scale enhanced ultrasonography in the differential diagnosis of hepatic tumors.Methods Twenty-four patients with 25 hepatic solid lesions were examined by dynamic enhanced ultrasonography with a bolus injection of Levovist (400 mg/ml). Results All lesions were confirmed by operation and pathology, including 16 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), 3 hepatic hemangiomas (HCH), 1 inflammatory pseudotumor of liver (IPL), 2 focal nodular hyperplasias (FNH) and 3 angiomyolipomas (AML). Twenty-five lesions were variously enhanced on grey-scale ultrasonogram after injection of Levovist except for IPL. The lesions with HCCs were enhanced early in the arterial phase and disappeared quickly in portal phase. The lesions with HCHs were enhanced slowly in the peripheral region of the lesion. The FNH and AML were also enhanced early in arterial phase, but disappeared slowly in delay phase. If the hepatic lesions showed the earlier enhancement in arterial phase and fast disappearance in portal phase on contrast enhanced ultrasonogram were regarded as a criterion of malignant tumor, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy with contrast enhanced ultrasonography in the diagnosis of hepatic malignant tumor were 94%(15/16),89%(8/9)and 92%(23/25), respectively. Conclusions The dynamic grey-scale enhanced ultrasonography is a useful technique in the differential diagnosis of hepatic tumors.

Objective To investigate the diagnosis of hepatic tumors by contrast-enhanced color Doppler ultrasonography. Methods Thirty-two patients with known focal liver lesions(diameter 11-112 mm,mean 43 mm) were studied with color Doppler flow imaging(CDFI) before and after injection of 2.4 ml SonoVue at the concentration of 5 mg/ml. The pathological diagnosis included 13 benign lesions and 19 malignant ones. Analysis was performed on signal intensity of intratumoral vascularity,time of enhancement duration,resistant index and maximum velocity of intratumoral arterial blood flow. The data were compared between benign and malignant lesions. Results Before injection of SonoVue,intratumoral blood flow could be detected among 53.8 %(7/13) benign lesions and 78.9 %(15/19) malignant tumors. However these detection rates went up to 76.9 %(10/13) and 100%(19/19) respectively after administration of SonoVue. Significant difference between benign and malignant tumors was observed in time of enhancement duration. Furthermore RI showed significant difference between benign and malignant lesions.Diagnostic accuracy of hepatic tumors increased from 75.0 %( 24/32 ) to 90.6 %(29/32) after enhancement. Conclusions The clinical results showed the ability of contrast-enhanced CDFI in reflecting the blood supply of the hepatic tumors,demonstrating the high sensitivity and specificity of the technique,which could be of great value to the diagnosis of hepatic tumors.

Objective To investigate the effects of Kinesio taping on function of knees in girls. Methods 20 female students were tested the peak torque of centripedal and eccentric contraction of knee flexion and extension with Biodex isokinetic testing at 60°/s angular velocity, with Kinesio taping, placebo taping and without taping. Their amplitude root of mean square (RMS) of surface electromyography of vastus medialis (VM), rectus femoris (RM) and vastus lateralis (VL) were also recorded. Results For centripedal isokinetic contraction, the relative extensors peak torque was the most as Kinesio taping (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in relative flexor peak torque (P> 0.05). Standardized RMS of VM and VL were the least as Kinesio taping (P<0.01), but not significantly different of RF among all the conditions (P>0.05). For eccentric isokinetic contraction, the relative extensor peak torque of both extensors and flexors were the most as Kinesio taping (P<0.01), while the Standardized RMS of VM and VL were the least (P<0.01), but no significant difference was observed in RF (P> 0.05). Conclusion Kinesio taping may enhance the strength of centripedal, eccentric contractions of quadriceps and eccentric contractions of hamstring, and increase the muscle fibers recruitment of VM and VL.

0.05), but the yields of four-year-old and five-year-old Dahuaye and Wuguangye samples were significantly higher than that of Xiaohuaye sample (P0.05). Conclusion The varieties of Dahuaye and Wuguangye are excellent in higher yield and better quality, and both of them can be used as origin seeds in the GAP plantation of C. chinensis.

Diagnostic Errors ; Humans ; Inflammation ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Laryngeal Neoplasms ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Papilloma ; surgery ; Pneumonia ; diagnosis ; Postoperative Complications ; diagnosis

Objective To discuss the influence about three kinds of nasal feeding methods on ICU critical patients with gastrointestinal complications, thus providing guidance for ICU patients to choose reasonable way of nasal feeding pump injection. Methods 120 ICU patients were randomly assigned into three groups, which is the continuous 6-hour and intermittent 2-hour every three time pump group and continuous 24-hours pump group and intermittent 24-hour(continuous 2-hour and intermittent 1-hour every eight time units)pump group ,each group has 40 cases. To observe the the influence about three different way of nasogastric on ICU critical patients with gastrointestinal complications. Results The incidence of diarrhea and constipation among the three groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05) . The gastric retention rate of the continuous 24-hour pump group was significantly higher than that of the continuous 6-hour and intermittent 2-hour pump group and the intermittent 24-hour pump group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the continuous 6-hour and intermittent 2-hour pump group and the intermittent 24-hour pump group, (P > 0.05). Conclusions The continuous 24-hour pump group in gastric retention was slightly worse than the other two pump way. Compared with ICU class three a week and feeding times , the continuous 6-hour and intermittent 2-hour pump method is more suitable for ICU patients.

Objective To compare enhancement features of hepatic tumors on SonoVue-enhanced real-time gray-scale ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced helical CT.Methods SonoVue-enhanced real-time gray-scale ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced helical CT were performed on 49 patients with 54 focal liver lesions,including 29 primary liver carcinomas,4 metastatic liver tumors,11 hepatic carvernous hemangiomas,7 focal nodular hyperplasias,2 focal fatty sparing,1 cirrhotic.Results Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and helical CT showed consistent results in demonstrating hemodynamics of hepatic tumors.In the differentiating of malignant tumors and benign tumors,the sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography were(90.9)%(30/33),(90.5)%(19/21) and(90.7)%((49/54)),respectively.Those of contrast-enhanced CT were(90.9)%(30/33),(95.2)%(20/21) and(92.6)%((50/54)),respectively.Conclusions Both of the two imaging methods are valuable for differential diagnosis of liver tumors.