Objective This study was to explore a justifiable approach for the translation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) terms in the light of Skopos Theory and thus to provide references to the standardization of TCM terms.Methods By exploring the source and development of a TCM term Bi,we studied its connotation,compared available English versions and decided on the choice version.Results The word arthralgia,obstruction or impediment was found to be the most frequently used word in 12 recognized publications,more frequent than the transliteration of Bi.Conclusion It is suggested that an accurate and a complete understanding of TCM terms and English expressions are required prior to translating so that the faithfulness and accuracy of the translation are maintained for the sake of optimal approximation.

Standardization of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)term translation is the focus of TCM translation studies. Based on the Skopos theory and our interviews to 6 internationals, this paper aims to explore the purposes and principles of TCM term translation from the perspective of the client, the translator and the addressee. Finally, four fundamental principles of TCM term translation are summarized in order to provide references for the standardization of TCM term translation.

Objective This paper addresses the standardization of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) nomenclature translation and put forward suggestions through a comparative study on English translations of TCM terms for liver and gallbladder diseases.Method With the principle of standardization, the principle of correspondence, the principle of readability and the principle of nationalism as the possible criteria, translations of 8 TCM terms available in 7 publications at home and abroad are compared and analyzed.Results 5 of the 8 terms have at least two English versions. The principle of standardization and the principle of readability are violated more frequently than the other two.Conclusion The standardization of TCM nomenclature is progressing steadily.However, efforts are still necessary for translators to improve English language proficiency. The principle of standardization and the principle of readability need to be further enhanced.

Objective:To evaluate arthroscopy-assisted tibial bone tunnel fixation combined with double-row anchors in the treatment of tibial eminence fracture.Methods:The 23 patients were retrospectively analyzed who had been treated at Department of Orthopedics, Beiing Shunyi District Hospital for tibial eminence fractures by arthroscopy-assisted tibial bone tunnel fixation combined with double-row anchors from October 2015 to December 2019. They were 15 males and 8 females, aged from 12 to 55 years (average, 35.5 years). All the injuries were unilateral (14 right and 9 left sides). According to the modified Meyers-McKeever classification, 2 cases belonged to type Ⅱ, 18 cases to type Ⅲ and 3 cases to type Ⅳ. Range of motion of the knee, Lysholm and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores were observed before surgery, 1 month and 12 months after surgery. The anterior tibial slope angle (ATSA) on CT was measured preoperatively and 1 month after surgery for evaluation of fracture reduction.Results:All the 23 patients were followed up for an average of 23 months (from 12 to 52 months). Postoperatively, limited knee movement was observed in 2 patients and non-anatomic reduction in one patient. At 1 month and 12 months after operation, the Lysholm scores (61.4 ± 3.5 and 90.4 ± 4.3) and IKDC scores (69.6 ± 4.2 and 88.5 ± 3.0) were significantly improved compared with the preoperative values (45.4 ± 6.8 and 49.6 ± 3.9, respectively) ( P<0.05). ATSA was significantly restored from preoperative 4.2° ± 5.7° to -11.7° ± 2.9° at 1 month after operation ( P<0.05). Conclusion:In the treatment of tibial eminence fracture, arthroscopy-assisted tibial bone tunnel fixation combined with double-row anchors can achieve anatomical reduction and firm fixation, leading to satisfactory surgical outcomes.

Objective To explore the impact of advanced glycation end-products ( AGEs) on matrix metalloproteinase 2 ( MMP-2) expression in cultivated INS-1 cells. Method INS-1 cells were cultivated and MMP-2 expression was analyzed. Glycated serum was prepared for incubating with INS-1 cell. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by flow cytometry. The intracelluar MMP-2 expression was analyzed by RT-PCR, realtime PCR and Western blot. The MMP-2 cDNA was expressed in cultivated INS-1 cells. Result The level of ROS treated with AGEs was significantly higher than that in the control( P<0.05 ) , and the levels of MMP-2 and its protein expressions turned out as well( P<0. 05). Conclusion The results suggest that MMP-2 was expressed in INS-1 cells. Increased MMP-2 expression in ?cells may be induced by AGEs, suggesting that MMP-2 might play an important role in oxidative stress-mediated islet injury.

Objective To evaluated the effect of hyperbaric oxygenation therapy(HBO)on the RhoA ex- pression and nerve function after transient focal cerebral ischemia in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Methods One hundred and twenty-six healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were used and randomly divided into a sham op- eration group(shame group,n=42),a treatment group(n=42),and a control group(n=42).The animal model of middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)was established by using the Zea-Longa method with the animals in the treatment and the control groups,and sham operation was performed with those in the sham group.HBO was applied to the animals in the treatment group.The RhoA protein expression was observed by using immunohistochemistry technique,and the neurological function was evaluated by Bederson's scale at different time points after MCAO.Re- sults(1)Weakly positive expression of RhoA could be located in bilateral cortex and the basal ganglia in the sham group.The expression of RhoA in the treatment group and control group was increased as early as 6 hours after MCAO when compared with that of the sham group,and peaked at 48 h after MCAO and decreased after then,but was still higher than that of the shame group at 7th day to 14th day after MCAO.It was also found that the expression of RhoA of the treatment group was significantly lower than that of the control group(P

Objective To investigate the value of modified T staging system in the diagnosis and treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCA).Methods The clinical data of 95 patients with HCCA who were admitted to the Memorial Sun Yat-Sen Hospital from December 1995 to January 2010 were retrospectively analyzed.Based on the results of imaging examination,preoperative staging was determined according the modified T staging system.The prognosis of the patients in difference T stages were compared.The data were analyzed by using the chi-square test and Fisher exact test.The survival curve was drawn by Kaplan-Meier method and the survival rate was compared by using the Log-rank test.Results The diagnostic rates of ultrasound + magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP),ultrasound + computed tomography (CT) or spiral CT were 93％ (37/40) and 66％ (23/35),respectively.The diagnostic rates of ultrasound + CT or spiral CT and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP),ultrasound + CT or spiral CT and MRCP were 14/15 and 15/15,respectively.Of the 95 patients,44 received operation (including 28 cases of radical resection and 16 cases of palliative resection),16 received exploratory laparotomy,and 35 received simple internal or external drainage.For patients in T1,T2 and T3 stages,the resection rates were 71％ (30/42),50％ (12/24) and 7％ (2/29),respectively,with significant differences (x2 =30.182,P ＜0.05).The negative rates of the resection margins of patients in T1 and T2 stages were 77％ (23/30) and 5/12,respectively,2 patients in T3 stage were found with tumor residuals at the resection margin.There was a significant difference in the radical resection rate among patients in different T stages (x2 =8.204,P ＜ 0.05).Of the 44 patients who received surgical treatment,30 (68％) received concomitant partial hepatectomy.The ratios of patients in T1 and T2 stages who received concomitant partial hepatectomy were 70％ (21/30) and 9/12,respectively,with no significant difference (x2 =0.101,P ＞ 0.05).Fourteen (32％) patients received tumor resection.The incidences of complications and perioperative mortalities were 53％ (16/30) and 10％ (3/30) for patients who received concomitant partial hepatectomy,and 5/14 and 1/14 for patients who received tumor resection,with no significant differences between the 2 groups (x2 =1.188,0.094,P ＞ 0.05).The median survival time of patients who received concomitant partial hepatectomy was 29 months,which was significantly longer than 19 months of patients who received tumor resection (x2 =11.317,P ＜0.05).Eighty-six patients were followed up,and the median time of follow up was 15.6 months (range,3-70 months).The 1-year cumulative survival rates of patients in T1,T2 and T3 stages were 73.8％,58.0％ and 9.2％,respectively,and the 3-year cumulative survival rates of patients in T1,T2 and T3 stages were 33.5％,12.1％ and 0,respectively.The median survival time of patients in T1,T2 and T3 stages were 24,16 and 7 months,respectively.The prognosis of patients was getting poor as the increase of the T stages (x2 =37.07,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The modified T-staging system is beneficial to preoperative evaluation of patients with HCCA.Concomitant partial hepatectomy could improve the radical resection rate and prolong the median survival time of HCCA patients.

ObjectiveTo review our experience in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) of the pancreas which can be used as a reference for other doctors to avoid misdiagnosis and to provide a better treatment.MethodThe clinical,laboratory,radiological,pathological and operative data of 24 patients with SPN of the pancreas operated between February 2001 to December 2009 were collected and retrospectively analyzed.Results23 of 24 patients were female and the mean age was 31 years.The most common clinical presentations were vague abdominal pain and abdominal mass.In most cases,abdominal imaging showed a solid or a solid-cystic mass in the tail or head of pancreas.All patients received surgery.20 of 22 patients who received curative resection were alive with no evidence of tumour recurrence.One patient who had a R1 resection died 42 months after surgery.The remaining patient was alive after a second operation.ConclnsionsSPN of the pancreas is a tumour with low malignancy.A correct diagnosis of SPN of the pancreas is made on its clinical,radiological and histopathological characteristics.Radical surgical resection is the treatment of choice.For patients with an advanced disease,palliative resection is beneficial.

Objective:To observe the repair effect of nano hydroxyapatite/magnesium(nHA-Mg)porous composite material modified by poly lactic acid/glycolic acid copolymer(PLGA) on the jaw bone defect of rabbits,and to elucidate the mechanisms preliminary.Methods:The mandibular defect models of 10 mm×5 mm×1 mm in the 18 rabbits were established.Nine rabbits were selected and implanted with nHA-Mg composite materials modified by PLGA in the left as experimental group and the right as blank control group;the other nine were implanted with nHA-Mg in the left as positive control group and the right as blank control group.The rabbits were sacrificed at 4, 8, 12 weeks (respectively 3 of experimental group and positive control group every time)and the mandibular defect areas were intercepted and observed by imaging and histological examination;the sizes of the newborn trabecula area and residual materials in experimental group and positive control group were compared.Results:Compared with positive control group and blank control group, the percentage of newborn trabecula area of the rabbits in experimental group was increased (P<0.05),and there was no statistic difference between positive control group and blank control group (P>0.05).The imaging results showed that the new bone formation can be observed in experimental group and better than positive control group and blank control group.The paraffin section results indicated that there were visible vascular tissue and newborn trabecula,the osteoblasts gathered around the bone trabecula;a lot of pits were located in the bone trabecula, and the pits contained osteocytes in experimental group.As the prolongation of time,thickened newborn trabecula, dense arrangement and trend of converting to lamellar bone were observed in experimental group.The hard tissue section results showed that the remaining amount of materials in experimental group was more than that in positive control group.Conclusion:nHA-Mg porous composite materials modified by PLGA can effectively reduce the rate of degradation in the body, promote osteogenesis and guide the bone regeneration.

Karoshi remains one of the most troublesome issues in forensic identification. It is rather a social medicine than a clinical disease. Japanese scholars pioneered examining the relation between sud- den cardiac death (SCD) and chronic fatigue from long time and/or high-tension work. In the current case, a 55-year-old man, whose job was loading and carrying heavy cement bags, was found dead after 11 days of continuous hard work. His family members sued the cement factory for his death and claimed for compensation. The problem was the difficulty of identifying the causative relation without the precedent or the relevant regulations. However, the forensic problems were finally acknowledged after autopsy and calculation of labor intensity. The lawsuit was won as the first case pertaining to Karoshi in the Chinese court.
Autopsy ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac/etiology* ; Fatigue/mortality* ; Forensic Pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Workload/legislation & jurisprudence*