Objective To understand willingness of current medical undergraduates to work at community health-care service(CHS)institutions after their graduation to provides information for professional training for them.Methods Totally,2714 medical undergraduate students were recruited from three medical schools in east,middle and west China by multi-level sampling methods for questionnaire survey on their basic information and willingness to be employed at CHS institutions.results of the survey were described by relative numeric and tested by chi-square test for smtistical inference.Results About 60.6%of medical undergraduate students were willing to work at CHS organizations permanently or temporarily.Their willingness to work there differed with their native living areas and grades they were studying significantly(P＜0.01).Reason for those they would work at CHS organizations after graduation included work less stress and easier,and that for those reluctant to work there included low-income and lack of social respect for general practitioners.Conclusions Nowadays,few medical undergraduate students would like to work at CHS organizations after their graduation,which was influenced mainly by traditional ideas and concepts of employment,personal career devdopment,economic income,and so on.It is suggested that ideas of community work be strengthened for medical undergraduate students and their employment concepts be changed in the future.

Objective To investigate the effect of different operations for cardia carcinoma on the postoperative anastomotic stoma complications.Methods Between December,2000 and May,2007,the clinical data 156 patients with carcinoma of gastric cardia who received different operations were analyzed retrospectively.Results The thoracoabdominal incision was performed in 57 cases,abdominal incision in 68 and left thoracic incision in 31 cases.The occurrence rate of anastomotic stoma complications in the patients with thoraco-abdominal,abdominal and left thoracic incision was 7.0%(4/57),7.4%(5/68),and 12.9%(4/31),respectively.The occurrence rate of anastomotic stoma complications in the patients using 25 mm end-end autosuture was 4.2%(4/95),in using of the 28mm autosuture group was 16.1%(P=0.0102).Conclusions The occurrence rate of anastomotic stoma complications can be reduced by choosing correct operation methods and using autosuture correctly.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of the chosen incision on corneal astigmatism after implantable collamer lens ( ICL) surgery.
METHODS:The study included 195 eyes of 102 patients, and all eyes were randomly divided into two groups: the chosen incision group ( Group A, 97 eyes) and temporal corneal incision ( Group B, 98 eyes ) . Before the operation, and 1wk, 1mo and 3mo after the operation, each patient was examined with corneal topography to observe the changes of corneal astigmatism.
RESULTS: Preoperative corneal astigmatisms were (1-26±0. 35) D in group A and (1. 28±0. 38) D in group B, thus there was no statistically significant difference ( P>0-05). One week postoperatively, the astigmatism were (0.93±0.29)D in group A and (1.32±0.33)D in group B. One month postoperatively, the astigmatism were (0. 85±0.16)D in group A and (1.27±0.18)D in group B. Three months postoperatively, the astigmatism were ( 0. 80±0-13)D in group A and (1. 25±0. 20) D in group B. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant (P<0. 01).
CONCLUSION: The chosen incision can reduce postoperative astigmatism to a certain extent after ICL surgery.

Objective To examine the correlation between end-tidal carbon dioxide (PetCO2) and arterial CO2 (PaCO2) among patients admitted in neurosurgical intensive care unit (NICU) and the factors affecting the PaCO2-PetCO2 [P (a-et) CO2].Methods Thirty-two intubated or cut-trachea patients who presented in the NICU were enrolled.Arterial blood gas test was done at seven every morning,and values of PetCO2 were compared with simultaneously recorded PaCO2.The normal gap of P (a-et) CO2 was defined as-5 mmHg to 5 mmHg.Concordance between PaCO2 and PetCO2 was analyzed using the Bland-Altman plot.Parameters between the normal and high P(a-et) CO2 groups were compared to identify the factors affecting the P(a-et) CO2,including Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS),blood pressure (BP),heart rate (HR),respiration rate (RR),body temperature (BT),and pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2).Results Allvalues of PaCO2 and PetCO2 were in accordance with normal distribution (r =0.668,P ＜ 0.01) and concordance between PaCO2 and PetCO2 was 69.8％.Patients who had high P(aet) CO2 showed lower initial GCS,lower instant GCS,BT,as well as pH and higher actual bicarbonate (AB) and PetCO2 than the patients with normal P (a-et) CO2.Correlation between PaCO2 and PetCO2 rapidly declined when positive end expiratory pressure(PEEP) was greater than 5 mmH2O(r =0.229,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions PetCO2 correlates well with PaCO2 and appears to be a useful monitor of respiratory function of the patients consecutively.Initial GCS,BT,AB and PEEP have an impact on P(a-et) CO2,so those factors should be considered when attempting to monitor the hyperventilation with PetCO2.

BACKGROUND: There is an intimate temporal and spatial relationship between growth of primitive cardiac cells, septum transversum mesenchyme and liver development. The signal from primitive cardiac cells and septum transversum mesenchyme induces the ventral foregut endoderm cells specialize toward hepatocytes. While the septum transversum mesenchyme provides a suitable environment for forming the liver bud and promoting the growth and differentiation. However, the molecular mechanism of this induction is not yet delineated.OBJECTIVE: Using alpha-fetal protein (AFP), c-Met and cytokeratin (CK) 19 as markers of hepatic stem cells, the growth of early human embryo of 3-5 weeks and morphologic characteristic of hepatic stem cells were observed to demonstrate the characteristic and factors that affected the proliferation and differentiation of hepatic stem cell, which provided experimental evidence for basic research and clinical application of hepatic stem cells.DESIGN: An opening experiment was designed.SETTING: Department of Anatomy, Weifang Medical College.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out at the Scientific Research Center of Chengdu Medical College between September 2004 and January 2005. Twenty cases fresh human embryos aged less than 2 months were collected with signed agreements of the pregnant women suffering from pregnancy termination with mifepristone. The samples were fixed with 40 g/L polymerisatum in 20 minutes and embedded routinely in paraffin, and then 5 μm thick series sections were continuously made. After hematoxylin-eosin staining, the embryonicage was determined under the microscope according to the length of embryos, the number of somites and the development of organs, which was referring to the Jirasek's staging standard of human embryo.METHODS: The immunohistochemical staining was conducted with SABC method on one of every ten sections, which were incubated overnight at 4 ℃ with polyclonal antibodies against hepatocyte growth factor (HGF),c-Met, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-Ⅰ), IGF-Ⅰ receptor (IGF-IR), transforming growth factor (TGFβ1), TGFβR1, TGFβR2 or monoclonal antibodies against proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), AFP and CK19.The following day, the sections were incubated for 2 hours at room temperature with biotinylated anti-mouse or anti-rabbit IgG and SABC liquid respectively, and then diaminobenzidine (DAB) was used to color them. The negative control was conducted with the phosphate buffer, then the sections were observed and photographed under light microscope.MAIN OUTCOME MEASUERS: ①the morphologic characteristic of human hepatic stem cells and immunohistochemical staining of markers②the expression of HGF, IGF-Ⅰ, TGFβ1 and their receptors on human embryonic livers of 3-5 weeks, primitive cardiac cells and septum transversum mesenchyme.RESULTS: ①The morphologic characteristic of human hepatic stem cells and immunohistochemical staining of markers: The hepatic bud formed at the end of 3rd week and migrated into the septum transversum mesenchyme to form the hepatic cords at the 4th week. The cells structuring the hepatic cords displayed the typical characteristic of immature cells. At the 5th week, the number of cells within the hepatic cords, the size of cell body,the cytoplasmic acidophilia all increased, whereas the basophilia of nuclei decreased. However the cellular forms were still homogeneous and displayed the typical characteristic of immature cells. The cells of hepatic cords were negative for PCNA response during 3rd-4th week but began to express positive at the 5th week, mainly in the nucleus and minority cellular cytoplasm showed weak positive. Most hepatic cells during 3rd-5th weeks were positive for AFP, c-Met and negative for CK19. The immunologic reaction depositors of AFP positive cells were located in the nuclei, cytoplasm and membrane of the hepatocytes, and c-Met presented mainly in the nuclei and the positive signal was weak in the cytoplasm. ②Expressions of HGF, IGF-Ⅰ, TGFβ1 and their receptors in the embryonic human liver, primitive heart and septum transversum mesenchyme: At the 4th week,the c-Met expressed only in all hepatocytes, whereas the other growth factors and their receptors were undetectable. At the 5th week, all the growth factors, except HGF, were expressed in the hepatocytes. The immunologic reaction depositors of TGFβ1, TGFβ1R1 and TGFβ1R2 were located in the cytoplasm and cell membrane. The positive response of IGF-Ⅰ and IGF-IR were present at nuclei, cytoplasm and cell membrane. At the 3rd-5th week, myocardial cells surrounding liver bud or hepatic cord and the septum transversum mesenchyme were positive for HGF, TGFβ1 and IGF-Ⅰ,with the signals were aggregated mainly in cytoplasm and minority nucei.CONCLUSION: ①It was at the end of 3rd week that part of endoderm cells in foregut ventral were specialized to hepatic stem cells. ②The undifferentiated hepatic stem cells could be drawn to develop to the liver stem cells with bi-directional differentiation potentials by using specific markers for studying human embryonic liver stem cells. According to the corresponding relation of embryonic age between human and rats, the time studying the rat hepatic stem cells could be calculated. ③HGF, IGF-Ⅰ,TGFβ1 and their receptors promoted the early development of human embryonic liver.

BACKGROUND: Vascular endothelial growth factor family and its receptor play an important role in the process of angiogenesis and neovascularization. Recently, the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor family on blood has been paid much attention. OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC) and their receptors as well as angiopoietin-1 (ang-1),angiopoietin-2(ang-2) and their receptors in the blood island of yolk sac and aorta-gonadalmesonephros (AGM) region at embryonic 3 to 12 weeks, so as to investigate the effect of VEGF and angiopoietin family in the process of haematogenesis. DESIGN: Single sample observation. SETTING: Weifang Medical College, Experimental Center of Morphology and Staff Room of Anatomy. MATERIALS: This experiment was carried out at Weifang Medical College from February 2002 to August 2004. Specimens were collected from 47 pregnant women's 3-to-12-week abortive embryos. Informed consent was obtained from the pregnant women. METHODS: Specimens were performed successive sections. Two sections were drawn out every other 10 sections. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining were performed. Polyclonal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor C, fms like protein tyrosine kinase(PTK), flt-4,ang-1, ang-2,Tie-2 antibody, monoclonal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor A and fetal liver kinase 1 (flk1) antibody were used for incubation overnight at 4 ℃ .Goat anti-mouse IgG and SABC solution were used separately for 2 hours. 3,3'2 diaminoazobenzidine (DAB) was used to develop. Serum of normal rabbit or mouse were used separately to replace primary antibody as negative control. They were observed and taken photographs under optical microscope. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ①Blank expression of VEGFA and VEGFC and their receptors in the blood island of yolk sac and AGM region at embryonic 3 to 12 weeks. ②Blank expression of ang-1 and ang-2 and their receptors in the blood island of yolk sac and AGM region at embryonic 3 to 12 weeks. RESULTS: ①On the 21st to 25th day , vascular endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells in blood island of yolk sac strongly expressed VEGFA and its receptor fms like PTK and flk1, VEGFC and its receptor flk4, ang2 and its receptor Tie-2 protein, weakly expressed ang-1 protein. ②From the fourth week of development, dorsal aorta and mesonephros expressed above-mentioned various factors and their receptors . Immune positive reactants gathered in the large and round hematopoietic cells with nucleus. The cell quantity reached the peak at week 7. After week 8, the number of positive cells was significantly decreased, and almost all the blood cells were immune negative reaction at week 12. ③Gonad mainly expressed VEGFA , fms like PTK, flt-4,ang-1 ,ang-2 and Tie-2 protein at weeks 6 to 8 , but did not express VEGFC and flkl. ④ The expression of above-mentioned factors were not detected in the vascular endothelial cells in AGM region. CONCLUSION: Hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells of blood island of yolk sac of human embryo as well as dorsal aorta and mesonephros coexpresses various factors related to angiogenesis and haematogenesis. Haematogenesis of human embryos occurs at the fourth week.

Thirty SHRs were obtained randomly to hypertension, model group, captopril group and Qingre jiangya capsule group. Ten Wistar rats were used as control group. The hippocampus tissue was removed to explore the damage of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and the protective effect of Qingre jiangya capsule after continuously administered for 14 days. And then the data were processed by principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The research results revealed captopril group was significantly different from the other three groups. The classification of other three groups is also very clear after captopril group removed. This suggested that Qingre jiangya capsule could improve the overall metabolism compared with captopril. Four metabolites were identified: dimethylglycine, glycerophosphocholine, aldosterone and noradrenaline. Hypertension hippocampus damage may mainly be expressed in tyrosine metabolism, aldosterone-regulated sodium, vascular smooth muscle contraction reabsorption, and Qingre jiangya capsule could reverse the hippocampus tissue damage of SHR.
Animals ; Capsules ; pharmacology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Hippocampus ; drug effects ; Hypertension ; drug therapy ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred SHR ; Rats, Wistar

To reveal the colonization characteristics in host of endophytic biocontrol bacteria NJ13 isolated from Panax ginseng, this study obtained the marked strain NJ13-R which was double antibiotic resistant to rifampicin and streptomycin through enhancing the method of inducing antibiotic. The colonization characteristics in ginseng and its biocontrol efficiency against Alternaria spot of ginseng in the field were studied. The results showed that the strain could colonize in root, stem and leaf of ginseng and the colonization amount was positive correlated with inoculation concentration. Meanwhile, the strain could infect and then transfer in different tissues of ginseng The colonization amount of strain in roots and leaves of ginseng increased first and then decreased. However, the tendency of colonization amount of strain in stems was ascend at first and then descend slowly, and was more than that in roots and leaves along with time, which had a preference to specific tissue of its host. In field experiment, the endophytic bacteria NJ13 was proved to be effective in controlling Alternaria leaf spot of ginseng. The biocontrol efficiency of fermentation broth at the concentration of 0.76 x 10(8) cfu x mL(-1) reached 75.62%, which was close to the controlling level (73.06%) of 0.67 mg x L(-1) 50% cyprodinil WG.
Alternaria ; physiology ; Antibiosis ; Bacillus ; growth & development ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Endophytes ; growth & development ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Panax ; growth & development ; microbiology ; Plant Diseases ; microbiology

Objective To explore the effect of 1-alpha,25-dihydroxy-cholecalcifero(1,25(OH)2D3)on liver fibrosis and its mechanism. Methods Degree of liver fibrosis was assessed through pathological detection and blood biochemical examination of liver function. Immunohistochemical assay was used to detect expressions of α-SMA,TGF-βand collagen I to observe activation level of hepatic stellate cells. Impact of 1,25(OH)2D3 on CD4+T cell differentiation was analyzed by flow cytometry,ELISA,and RT-PCR. Results 1,25(OH)2D3 improved the structure of the liver tissue and liver fibrosis. Expressions of collagen I ,TGF-βandα-SMA were significantly ele-vated in the liver tissue in rats with fibrosis(P < 0.05)but were markedly decreased after treatment with 1,25 (OH)2D3(P < 0.05). After 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment,the proportion of Th17 cells reduced while that of Th2 in-creased;concentration levels of IFNγ,IL-17A,and IL-22 markedly declined but IL-4 elevated(P>0.01);and ex-pressions of RORγt and T-bet decreased whereas GATA3 expression increased(P>0.01);as compared with those in the control group. Conclusions 1,25(OH)2D3 can alleviate the degree of liver tissue by lowering HSC activation and regulating Th cell differentiation.

Animals ; Carcinogens ; toxicity ; Female ; Lung Neoplasms ; chemically induced ; pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Urethane ; toxicity