Molecular target-based cancer therapy is playing a more and more important role in cancer therapy because of its high specificity, good tolerance and so on. There are different kinds of molecular targeted drugs such as monoclonal antibodies and small molecular kinase inhibitors, and more than 50 drugs have been approved since 1997. When the first monoclonal antibody, rituximab, was on the market. The development of molecular target-based cancer therapeutics has become the main approach. Based on this, we summarized the drugs approved by FDA and introduced their mechanism of actions and clinical applications. In order to incorporate most molecular targeted drugs and describe clearly various characteristics, we divided them into four categories: drugs related to EGFR, drugs related to antiangiogenesis, drugs related to specific antigen and other targeted drugs. The purpose of this review is to provide a current status of this field and discover the main problems in the molecular targeted therapy.
Angiogenesis Inhibitors ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Humans ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor ; antagonists & inhibitors

Biomedical Research ; Dental Research ; Humans ; Taste ; Taste Buds ; cytology

Purpose Brain complications severely threaten the treatment and survival of children with leukemia. This paper aims to investigate the MRI manifestations and differences of brain complications in leukemia before and after chemotherapy for a clinical guidance.Materials and Methods The clinical data and MRI findings of 37 children with leukemia and brain complications were retrospectively analyzed. Thirty-four of them underwent MRI scan twice or more, among whom 28 received contrast-enhanced MRI scan.Results Twenty-two patients were discovered with brain complications before chemotherapy, 2 of whom were with two kinds of complications. Meningopathy was found in 7 patients who showed widespread or localized meningeal thickening. Among them, 5 patients'' lesions reduced or disappeared after chemotherapy. Intracerebral multiple small and micro bleed was found in these 7 patients, 2 of them combined with hematoma. Three patients were found with intracranial tumor which all proved to be temporal bone tumor, 1 of whom combined with temporal lobe tumor and 1 had tumor disappeared after chemotherapy. The other complications before chemotherapy included leukoencephalopathy (n=2), subdural collection of fluid (n=2), meninges and parenchymal infiltration of leukemia (n=1), fungal infection (n=1) and cerebral infarction (n=1). On the contrary, 17 patients were discovered with brain complications after chemotherapy, 8 of whom were with two or more complications. Two patients had different kinds of complications before and after chemotherapy. Brain atrophy was observed in 13 patients. Leukoenphalopathy was found in 9 patients who presented high signal in white matter of double periventricular and/or semi-oval center on T2WI; the lesions of 4 patients were reduced or disappeared after withdrawal. Infectious diseases were diagnosed in 3 patients, including viral encephalitis in 2 cases, tuberculous meningitis combined with tuberculoma in 1 case. The other complications included intracranial tumor (n=2), sinus thrombosis (n=1), posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (n=1) after chemotherapy. Conclusion The MRI findings of brain complications in childhood leukemia are various and demonstrate significantly different features before and after chemotherapy. The major complications before treatment include meningopathy and intra-cerebral hemorrhage;while after chemotherapy the main complications are brain atrophy, leukoencephalopathy and infectious diseases. MRI proves to be a valuable method to detect, observe and follow up these complications.

The recent studies have suggested that matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs)are close associated with the instability of atherosclerotic plaques,the formation and development of intracranial aneurysm,ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic transformation.The study and application of MMP inhibitor may become a new approach in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases.

The most common forms of treatment for amblyopia are occlusion therapy and pharmacologic penalization. But these methods can not recover all the visual deficits of amblyopes and there are some disadvantages of the treatment which need to be considered, including adverse effects, compliance and social stigma. Recently, some novel approaches are investigated for improving the effectiveness and compliance of treatment for amblyopia.

Objective To observe the changes in ovary blood supply of the tuberculous pelvic inflammation patient before and after treatment by color Doppler to explore the influences of tuberculous pelvic inflammation on uterus and ovary functions from hemodynamic aspect as well as the rehabilitation of uterus and ovary functions after treatment.Methods The 17 tuberculous pelvic inflammation patients in the observation group and 17 healthy women at child-bearing period underwent color Doppler examination,and such indexes were measured as the peak systolic flow velocities of uterine artery and arteria ovarica (Vmax),resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI).The measure values at all the stages were compared in the observation group,and then contrasted with those in the control group.The rehabilitation of ovary function was evaluated according to the measure values.Results The observation group had the Vmaxs of rami ovarii arteriae uterinae and arteria ovarica 3 months after treatment higher than those before treatment,and the Vmaxs of rami ovarii arteriae uterinae and arteria ovarica 1 a were significantly higher than those 6 months after treatment.The Vmaxs of rami ovarii arteriae uterinae and arteria ovarica in the observation group 3 months,6 months,1 a and 1.5 a after treatment were all higher statistically than those in the control group at corresponding periods.The observation group had the measure values of PI and RI before treatment as well as 3 months and 6 months after treatment obviously higher than those in the control group.The measure values of PI and RI 1 and 1.5 a after treatment in the observation group were also higher than those in the control group.Conclusion Uterine artery and arteria ovarica may have hemodynamic changes before and after pelvic tuberculosis treatment.Measuring the blood flow parameters of uterine artery and arteria ovarica before and after pelvic tuberculosis treatment contributes to evaluating pelvic tuberculosis treatment efficacy and predicting ovarian function rehabilitation after treatment.

ObjectiveTo investigate the expression levels of the type Ⅰ IFN system in muscle and lung of experimental autoimmune myositis (EAM) model and to evaluate whether the type Ⅰ IFN system associates with the pathogenesis of the EAM model in rats.MethodsThe EAM model was established to determine creatine kinase (CK) in blood serum.The pathology of muscle and lung tissue was examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining.The concentration of type Ⅰ IFN system mRNA in muscle and lung tissue was detected by real-time PCR.ResultsThe concentration of CK in model group [(209.17 ±91.95) IU/L]was significantly higher than that of two control groups(P ＜0.05).The scores of muscle and lung in EAM model were significantly higher than that of control groups (all P ＜ 0.05).The expression levels of the type Ⅰ IFN system in muscle of EAM model were significantly higher than that of control groups(all P ＜0.05).The expression levels of the type Ⅰ IFN system in muscle with EAM model were positively correlated with CK and the scores of muscle (all P ＜ 0.05).The expression levels of IFNα, IFNβ, IFNαR1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), myxovirus resistance protein 1 (MX1) in lung of EAM model were significantly higher than those of control groups(P ＜ 0.05), but not seen in INF-induced protein with tetratricopetide repeats 1 (IFIT1) and IFN-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15).The expression levels of IFNα, IFNβ, IFNαR1, STAT1 and MX1 in lung with EAM model were positively correlated with the scores of lung pathology (all P ＜ 0.05).ConclusionThe type Ⅰ IFN system probably played a crucial role in the pathogenesis and the pathology of muscle and lung of EAM modeL

There are reports about the chemical compounds of Ciwujia herbs, but with no study report about the chemical material basis of Ciwujia injection (CWJI). In this study, LC-MS(n) and LC-Q-TOF-MS techniques were adopted for a qualitative analysis on phenylpropanoids in CWJI. The Ultmate XB-C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) was adopted and eluted with the mobile phase of 0.5% formic acid-water and acetonitrile, with the flow rate at 0.8 mL x min(-1) and the column temperature at 20 degrees C. Based on the data of high-resolution and multi-stage MS, control products and literatures, altogether 54 phenylpropanoids were identified in Ciwujia Injection, including 34 phenylpropanoids, 16 ligans and 4 coumarins. Among them, 28 were reported for the first time in Ciwujia, and 14 compound structures were identified in comparison with the control products. The method established in this study could be used to simply and rapidly identify phenylpropanoids in CWJI. The findings provide scientific data for defining the chemical material basis of CWJI.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Eleutherococcus ; chemistry ; Mass Spectrometry ; methods ; Molecular Structure

Objective To analyze comprehensively the monitoring data of iodized salt in Zhangjiakou city during 2001 to 2009, and to provide basic information for working out control strategies of the iodine deficiency disorders. Methods According to the iodized salt monitoring requirements in National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Monitoring Program of Ministry of Health, a batch of nine salt samples were taken from each processing (wholesale)company of each county or district of the seventeen counties(districts) of Zhangjiakou once a month. Two townships (towns, street offices) were selected by their location of east, south, west and north in each county(district), and a township in central area each year. Four villages(neighborhoods) were selected in each township(town, street office),and eight household salt samples were collected in each village(neighborhood), and quantitatively determined by direct titration of iodine. Results Iodized salt processing(wholesale) : during 2001 to 2009, a total of 1728 batches was monitored, 1689 batch qualified, batch qualification rate 97.74%;15552 salt samples were tested, 15 357 qualified, iodized salt qualification rate 98.75 %. Household salt levels : 5297 villages (neighborhoods) of 1305 townships(towns, street offices) were monitored, 44 316 salt samples were collected, 43 274 qualified, iodized salt qualification rate 98.04%(43 274/44 141 ), iodized salt coverage rate 99.61%(44 141/44 316), qualified iodized salt consumption rate 97.65%(43 274/44 316). Rate of non-iodized salt was 0.40%(260/44 316), and salt median iodine was 30.02 mg/kg. Conclusions The iodized salt quality indicators are within the state-controlled range in Zhangjiakou city for nine years which remaines at relatively stable levels with a smaller range of annual fluctuations.Detection of non-iodized salt over the years has become the main factors affecting the effectiveness of the prevention and control measures.We should increase monitoring,supervision,and universal health education,and prevent the spread of non-iodized salt.

Objective To investigate the role of a subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDAR), a receptor-channel complex, in the neurotoxicity secondary to brain injury and explore its mechanism of action. Methods The animal model of brain injury was established in rats by free-fall metal and the treatment model was induced by injecting AP5 into the lateral ventricle. NMDAR1 mRNA expression levels after brain injury were determined by in situ hybridization. Result NMDAR1 mRNA expression increased significantly at 15 min, utmostly lowered at 72 h and returned to the normal level at 168 h after brain injury. In response to AP5 treatment, NMDAR1 mRNA expression in the treatment group was lower than that in the injured group at 15 min and recovered the normal level at 72 h after brain injury. Conclusion Excessive expression of NMDAR1 mRNA might be involved in the secondary cerebral impairerment after brain injury and the treatment with AP5, a competitive antagonist of NMDAR1, functions to offer neuroprotection.