Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Endothelin-1 ; metabolism ; Male ; Nitric Oxide ; metabolism ; Paraquat ; poisoning ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of carboxymethyl-chitosan(CMCS) on chondrocyte apoptosis induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP),and the effects of CD44 in the process.MethodsA small interference RNA (siRNA) targeting to CD44 mRNA (siRNA-1,siRNA-2,siRNA-3) was constructed.The siRNA was transfected into chondrocytes in vitro with LipofectamineTM 2000.The efficacy of transfection was detected by transfecting fluorescence siRNA into cells.The mRNA expression of CD44 in vitro was detected by RT-PCR.The protein level of CD44 was detected by Western blotting.The apoptosis rate of the transfected and non-transfected cells induced by SNP was detected by flow cytometry.Statistical analysis was conducted with one-way ANOVA and SNK-q test.ResultsThe efficacy of transfection was about 60％.As compared with the control group,the mRNA expression was specifically inhibited after transfecting CD44 siRNA-1 for 24,48 and 72 h(0.198±0.007 vs 0.429±0.053 at 24 h,0.211±0.016 vs 0.501±0.037 at 48 h,0.153±0.005 vs 0.341±0.009 at 72h,q=5.93,7.01,11.23,P＜0.01 ),and the protein level of cells was inhibited after transfecting CD44 siRNA-1 for 24 h compared with the control group (0.231±0.064 vs 0.675±0.113,q=13.09,P＜0.01 ).The FCM results showed that 3 mmol/L SNP could induce chondrocytes apoptosis(70±6)％,and 50,100,200 μg/ml C MCS could affect the inhibitory effect of SNP-induced apoptosis of chondrocyte [ (51 ±7)％,(30±4)％,(15±4)％,q=5.08,6.97,9.73,P＜0.01 ],but it had milder inhibitory effect on CD44-siRNA-1 transfected chondrocytes when compared with those of the non-transfected chondrocytes [ (34±6)％ vs(15±4)％,q=6.95,P＜0.01 ].ConclusionThe data of this study has suggest that siRNA-1 against CD44 gene can significantly inhibit the expression of CD44 in chondrocyte of rats in vitro after transfection.The CD44 may play an important role in chondrocyte apoptosis induced by SNP and protected by CMCS.

X-ray plane film. Three-dimensional CT could show the three-dimensional structure of spinal canal clearly. The postoperative efficacy of all patients was satisfactory. Conclusion The three checking methods of spinal fracture were complementary to each other, but three-dimensional CT had the advantage in reconstructing spinal canal.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and its epidemiological characteristics among planned pregnancy couples in Chongqing.Methods A total of 10 712 planned pregnancy couples were selected by proportionally stratified multi-stage random sampling method during April and December 2013.A questionnaire survey was performed, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA) was used for hepatitis B virus surface antigen ( HBsAg ) and hepatitis B surface antibody ( anti-HBs) detection.SAS 8.2 was adopted for data process.Chi-square test and test for linear trend were performed to compare the rates of HBsAg and anti-HBs among different populations.Results Among 21 424 individuals, 1 718 (8.02%) were HBsAg positive.The positive rate of HBsAg in husbands was 9.48%, which was significantly higher than that in wives (6.55%,χ2 =63.39, P<0.01).Anti-HBs was positive in 8 967 (41.85%) individuals, and the positive rates in husbands and wives were 42.39% and 41.32%respectively (χ2 =2.54, P>0.05).The positive rates of HBsAg and anti-HBs increased with the age (χ2 =2.98 and 9.83,P<0.01).The highest HBsAg positive rate and lowest anti-HBs positive rate were observed among individuals of southeast of Chongqing.The positive rates of HBsAg and anti-HBs varied in people with different occupation.The highest HBsAg and anti-HBs positive rates were found in private business owners (9.18%) and public employees (49.69%) , respectively;and the lowest HBsAg and anti-HBs positive rates were found in public employees (6.79%) and farmers (39.08%), respectively.As the education level increased, HBsAg positive rate was decreasing (χ2 =-3.33, P<0.01), and anti-HBs positive rate was increasing (χ2 =9.73, P<0.01).Conclusions The prevalence of HBV infection is still high among planned pregnancy couples in Chongqing in the year of 2013.Vaccination and the related treatments should be enforced in population with high risk of HIV infection.

We investigated the Toxop lasma infection prevalence among planned pregnant women in Chongqing ,and to pro‐vide reference for the first level intervention of birth defects in the region .A total of 11 953 planned pregnant women were se‐lected by proportionally stratified multi‐stage random sampling method .Questionnaire survey was given to the women ,and blood samples were collected .Specific IgM and IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma were detected with ELISA .Results showed that among the 11 953 cases surveyed ,Toxoplasma IgM was positive in 71 cases ,with the positive rate of 0 .59% ;IgG was positive in 771 cases ,with the positive rate of 6 .54% .The positive rate of IgM and IgG antibodies in the metropolitan core re‐gion of the city was higher than that in the suburb areas (χ2 =35 .28 ,P<0 .000 1 ;χ2 =82 .65 ,P<0 .000 1) .The positive rate of IgM antibody increased with the educational level (χ2trend=3 .25 ,P=0 .001 1) .The positive rates of IgM and IgG varied in occupations among women (χ2 =13 .93 , P= 0 .016 0;χ2 = 15 .58 ,χ2 =0 .008 1) ,with the highest rate of public officials . Planned pregnant women with the history of abnormal pregnancy outcomes had higher positive rate of T .gondii IgM and IgG antibodies than those in the control (χ2 =6 .85 ,P=0 .008 9;χ2 =59 .25 ,P<0 .000 1) .There was no significant difference of IgM positive rate between the planned pregnancy women who had closed contact to cats and the control group (χ2 =0 .23 ,P=0 .628 6) ,while the positive rate of IgG was higher than that of the control group (χ2 =9 .95 ,P=0 .001 6) .T .gondii infec‐tion rate was on the low level of planned pregnant women in Chongqing .Adverse pregnancy outcomes are related to Toxoplas‐ma infection .

Objective To investigate the high risk factors,pathology and clinical features in fatal pulmonary embolism in the elderly patients with malignant tumor,and to analyze the characters of the embolus and provide experimental data for clinical prevention and treatment offatal pulmonary embolism.Methods Autopsy and clinical data of 19 malignancy cases with fatal pulmonary embolism admitted to Beijing Hospital from 1975 to 2006 were retrospectively analyzed.Results 33.9％ of total pulmonary embolism were from malignant diseases (19/56).Saddle and massive pulmonary embolism were in 84.2％ of total 19 cases,and micro-embolism cases were in only 15.8％.The 84.2％ of embolisms were from pulmonary thromboembolism,15.8％ from tumor emboli,and 5.26％ from fungi emboli.Pulmonary adenocarcinoma was the most common (36.5％),the second was pancreatic cancer (15.8％).In all the clinical symptoms,78.9％ of symptoms were dyspnea,15.8％ were syncope.Tachycardia and cyanosis were the common physical signs.Conclusions Malignant tumor is an important risk factor for pulmonary embolism in elderly patients.There are various kinds of emboli in pulmonary embolism in elderly patients with malignant tumor.We should comprehensively consider the causes of pulmonary embolism and give the reasonable and effective treatment to the patients.

Objective To analyze the clinical features,therapy and outcome of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) combined with lupus myelopathy (LM).Methods Ten SLE patients combined with LM treated in Department of Rheumatology and Immunology,People' s Hospital from 1990 to 2011 were retrospectively analyzed and 43 cases of SLE combined with LM reported home and abroad were reviewed.Results All the ten patients were women with age of 23-53 (36.9 ± 3.4) years old and duration of 1-18 years.MRI of spinal cord revealed long T2 signal in one case,and normal in two cases.Seven patients received methylprednisolone pulse plus cyclophosphamide (CTX),two were given glucocorticoid pulse only,and one was given moderate dosage of glucocorticoid,CTX and plasma exchange (PE).The results revealed that four patients received complete recovery,four received partial recovery,and two received no improvement.Conclusions LM is a rare but severe complication of SLE with poor prognosis,which usually occurs in early phase of young SLE patients.Pulse methylprednisolone and CTX may be effective.Early and active treatment may improve the outcome.

This study was aimed to investigate the theoretical basis of Jian-Shen Li-Shui (JSLS) formula. Knowledge
of acute phase of cerebral hemorrhage in ancient Chinese medicine literature, modern pathophysiology theories, experimental researches and clinical results were studied, in order to discuss theoretical basis of JSLS formula. The results showed that JSLS formula embodied basic theories of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and experiences of physicians from different generations. It also reflected modern pharmacology research results. It was supported by animal experiments and clinical research results. It was concluded that JSLS formula was in accordance with essence of TCM syndrome differentiation. There were enough evidences for the formation of the formula. It was worthy of further study.

Objective To observe the effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the early treatment of pe- ripheral nerve injuries.Methods From April 2004 to October 2005,48 cases with peripheral nerve injury were randomly divided into therapeutic and control groups which were treated with NGF and Vitamin B12 for four weeks respectively.The changes in pain,numbness as well as neurophysiology in the two groups were assessed and compared. Results Compared with the control group,symptoms of pain and numbness in the therapeutic group were significantly alleviated (P＜0.05),the number of regenerative nerves was greater (P＜0.01),latent periods for the recovered sensory and motorial potentials of the regenerative nerves shorter,amplitudes significantly higher (P＜0.05 ),and side effects fewer.Conclusion NGF is safe and effective for early treatment of peripheral nerve injuries.

BACKGROUND: In order to conserve blood and keep the operating field clean, cell saver is often used with electrocautery in hip arthroplasty. When applying the principle of thermal coagulation, electrocautery produces tissue self-burning with noxious gas byproducts, including carbon monoxide(CO). However the existing blood salvage systems do not have any reoxygenation or filtration function for CO.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of simultaneous use of electrocautery and a cell saver system on the blood levels of CO in patients undergoing hip arthroplasty.DESIGN: A comparative observation.SETTING: Department of Orthopedics, Duisburg-Essen University.PARTICIPANTS: From August 2002 to August 2003, patients undergoing hip arthroplasty including the use of electrocautery as well as intended use of a cell saver system were selected from the Department of Orthopedics, Duisburg-Essen University. Exclusive criteria: ① smoking history; ② history of anemia, hemoglobinopathy or coagulopathy; ③history of organ dysfunction, including lung, liver and kidney; ④ preoperative abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG), including cardiac ischemia and/or arrhythmia.Among all the enrolled patients, those who ultimately received the retransfusion of processed salvaged blood were counted as the observed group,whereas the others who did not receive any retransfusion for inadequate salvaged volume or possible contamination within salvaging were added as the control group, and no allogenic blood was transfused. All the patients agreed to participate in the study.METHODS: ① All the operations were performed under combined intravenous and inhalation general anesthesia. ② Electrocautery was used for coaluation during the incision of subcutaneous tissues, fascias, muscles as well as capsules. ③ A cell saver system (Haemonetics Cell Saver #5 System, manufactured by Haemonetics Corporation, U.S.A.) was applied during the operation. Salvaged blood were retransfused into the patients after the procedure of filtration and wash. ④ Blood CO-Oximetry: Blood CO levels were measured by carboxyhemoglobin (CO-Hb) concentration with a spectrophotometric blood gas analyzer (ABL 700 series, manufactured by Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark). In both groups, systemic blood samples were collected from a radial arterial catheter at 3 time points, including preoperatively, postoperatively and merely before the retransfusion of salvaged blood and at 6 hours postoperatively. In the observed group, additionally samples were collected instantly after skin incision from the aspirator connected to the cell saver reservoir, directly after femoral stem implantation also from the aspirator and immediately before retransfusion from the collecting sac, to reveal the trend of CO-Hb levels in salvaged blood.MAIN OUTCOMEMEASURES: CO-Hb levels in the systemic blood and salvaged blood at different time points were mainly observed.RESULTS: Totally 49 patients were involved in the analysis of results. ① General data: Forty-nine ASA Ⅰ -Ⅱ patients were enrolled in this study.There were 35 and 14 patients in the observed and control group, respectively, with 7 and 3 had a history of coronary heart diseases (heart function of class Ⅰ - Ⅱ ) correspondingly. There were no obvious differences in the sex, age, mean operative time and mean estimated blood loss between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05). The vital signs were stable in all the patients. ② CO-Hb concentration: In the observed group, the CO-Hb concentration in systemic blood at 6 hours postoperatively was significantly increased as compared with the preoperative and postoperative ones [(2.2±0.54)%,(1.6±0.34)%, (1.7±0.19)%, P ＜ 0.05]; the CO-Hb concentration in salvaged blood was (2.6±0.62)%, which was significantly higher than that in systemic blood preoperatively and postoperatively (P ＜ 0.01). In the control group, the CO-Hb concentration in systemic blood at 6 hours postoperatively had no obvious differences as compared with the preoperative and postoperative ones (P ＞ 0.05). ③ Postoperative conditions: In the observed group, sinus tachycardia and inferior myocardial ischemia were detected by ECG monitoring in 2 patients with pre-existing coronary heart disease,which complained of precardial discomfort at 4-6 hours postoperatively.Higher levels of CO-Hb were detected in salvaged blood before retransfusion (39% and 4.5%) and in systemic blood at 6 hours postoperatively(3.5% and 4.2%). No patient in the control group demonstrated symptoms of CO intoxication or cardiovascular compromise, also no abnormal changes were revealed by ECG monitoring.CONCLUSION: Retransfusion of salvaged blood in hip arthroplasty with simultaneous use of electrocautery and a cell saver system leads to a significant increase of systemic CO-Hb concentration, which can provoke the cardiovascular compromise. Therefore, it is suggested to measure CO-Hb level in salvaged blood, the retransfusion of which should be cautious, especially to patients with pre-existing heart diseases.