Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of rubella since 2008 ,while the vaccine first used in Chongqing .Methods Descriptive epidemiological study was applied to analyze the cases on rubella from 2008 to 2013 ,and the Excel was used for data analysis .Results From 2008 to 2010 ,the rubella incidence rate reported in Chongqing decreased from 18 .97 per 100 000 to 2 .07 per 100 000 ,but it gave a rebounding trend in 2011 to 2012 .The rubella cases mostly affected children of 6 -14 years old and the epidemic peak was from April to June .Although ,the vaccination rate of rubella increased year by year from 2008 to 2013 ,even in 2012 it reached up to 90% ,but the vaccination coverage was low in primary and middle schools .100 epidemic out‐breaks happened ,91% of which happened in primary and middle schools ,accounting for 18 .74% of all reported cases .Conclusion Students in primary and middle school were easily infected with rubella virus ,the vaccination work should be strengthened for fur‐ther control the rubella infection .Secondary immune of Rubella vaccine of 6 or 7 years old children will contribute to control the outbreak of rubella among school‐age children ,and the rubella vaccine should expand its immunization objects .

Objective To evaluate the work effect after supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) of Hepatitis B vaccine , thus to find the focal point in future hepatitis B prevention .Methods useing statistical method to analysis the data of investigation from 2004 to 2012 of hepatitis B vaccination rate ,the data of selective SIAs of hepatitis B vaccine and the incidence of hepatitis B . Results With the supporting of GAVI project ,the whole course vaccination rate and the timely first dose rate of hepatitis B were obviously increased(P<0 .01) ,supplementary immunization rate of hepatitis B was increased year by year and the incidence of hep-atitis B among 0-14 years old children decreased at 78 .42/100 ,000 .Conclusion The vaccination rate of hepatitis B shows a high and stable trend in Chongqing ,but we need to form a long term mechanism without project supporting to push forward hepatitis B prevention for the newborn .And on the base of doing good jobs in hepatitis B vaccination for the newborn ,we should also expand the hepatitis b vaccination priority to people over the age of 14 .

Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of insulin aspart (IAsp) versus regular human insulin (RHI) used in basal bolus (BB) or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) regimen in patients with diabetes mellitus in Chinese population.Methods We searched MEDLINE (via OVID),the Cochrane Library,Embase,PubMed,CBM,China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI),and Wanfang databases from the beginning of the databases to November,2015.The randomized controlled trials comparing IAsp and RHI in DM were searched.The meta-analysis in newly diagnosed DM and treated DM was performed by RevMan 5.3.Results A total of 40 trials were included in this study,with 1087 newly diagnosed and 2395 treated DM patients.In both groups,IAsp was better in lowering 2 hours postprandial plasma glucose (2 hPG) after breakfast,lunch and dinner (For newly diagnosed population MD=-1.22,-1.70,-1.44;95%CI:-1.79~-0.64,-2.77~-0.63,-2.12~-0.75;for treated population MD=-1.19,-1.14,-1.03;95%CI:-1.39~-0.98,-1.27~-1.02,-1.25~-0.81) and fasting plasma glucose (For newly diagnosed population MD=-0.55,95%CI:-0.97~-0.12;for treated population MD=-0.24,95%CI:-0.44~-0.03) when compared with RHI.IAsp could shorten the time to achieve blood glucose target(For newly diagnosed population MD=-1.58,95%CI:-1.74~-1.42;for treated population MD=-1.73,95%CI:-2.10~-1.36) and reduce the risk of hypoglycaemia compared with RHI (For newly diagnosed population RR=0.33,95%CI:0.19~0.56;for treated population RR=0.44,95%CI:0.32~0.61) (P<0.05).Moreover,the total daily insulin dose was lower in IAsp therapy than in RHI therapy when using CSII regimen.Conclusion In Chinese DM patients,IAsp shows advantages in controlling 2 hPG,shortening the time to achieve blood glucose target and lowering the risk of hypoglycaemia when compared with RHI.

Objective To analyze the CT and MRI features of primary central nervous system lymphoma ( PCNSL) and improve the accuracy of MRI diagnosis.Methods MRI features of 13 cases with PCNSL confirmed by pathology were retrospectively analyzed.All the cases were accepted MRI plain scanning and enhanced scanning. Tumor location, tumor size, signal intensity, enhancement characteristics, age distribution, cystic changes and the presence of calcification and intratumoral hemorrhage were assessed.Results Single lesion was found in 5 cases,and multiple lesions were found in 8 cases.Supra-tentorial lesions were found in 11 cases,the lesions involved both supra and infra tentorial were found in two cases.18 lesions located in deep-brain tissues,such as the thalamus,basal gan-glia,corpus callosum,midbrain and pons.7 lesions located at the surface of the brain,such as the temporal lobe,fron-tal lobe,occipital lobe and parietal lobe.The PCNSLs were found varied shapes in MRI,17 PCNSLs manifested irregu-lar shape,5 PCNSLs manifested round or ovoid shape,3 manifested butterfly shape.The average size of these lesions was 4.8cm.The PCNSLs manifested uniform or low T1 WI signal,uniform or slight high T2 WI signal,slight high or high signal on FLAIR,and slight high signal on DWI.11 cases manifested uniform signal and 2 cases manifested non-uniform signal.Different degrees of edema and mass effect were found combined with the lesions.The CT scan showed 6 cases were slighted high density,4 cases were equal density,3 cases were showed low density.Cystic chan-ges and calcifications were not found.In all cases,significant homogeneous enhancement was shown in 3 cases,moder-ate heterogeneous enhancement was shown in 1 case and mild enhancement was shown in 1 case.In multifocal dis-ease,significant homogeneous enhancement was shown in 14 cases,moderate heterogeneous enhancement was shown in 6 cases and mild enhancement was not shown.Conclusion The CT and MRI features of PCNSL of immunocompe-tent patients are always uniformity, whether T1 WIor T2 WI, while of immunodeficiency patients are complicated, all these features are helpful to make correct diagnosis.

Objective To investigate the immunization knowledge ,attitudes ,practice and requirements of the custodians of left‐behind/non‐left‐behind children in rural areas of Chongqing and to explore intervening measures .Methods Totally 1 441 com‐plete questionnaires were obtained by surveying the custodians of 1 year old left‐behind/non left‐behind children in 3 counties .Im‐munization records were checked to acquire vaccination information .Results Custodians of left‐behind children had poorer educa‐tion ,immunization knowledge and less comply with immunization behaviors than custodians of non‐left‐behind children .Village doc‐tors were essential to immunization work in rural areas .Conclusion We suggest pulling peer education in publicity and education for families with left‐behind children .It is important to mobilize the enthusiasm of village doctors ,and pay more attentions to the immunization work of left‐behind children .

Objective To investigate alterations in epigenetic regulation in B cells in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE).Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from the peripheral venous blood of SCLE patients and healthy donors with density gradient centrifugation.B cells were isolated with CD19 micro beads and protocols provided by the manufacturer.Total RNAs were isolated with RNA kits.The expressions of silence information regulator 1 (Sirt1) mRNA were investigated with quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results The levels of Sirt1 mRNA were significantly increased in SCLE B cells relative to healthy controls (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions Histone modifications appear abnormal in B cells in SCLE.

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of Zhibai Dihuang Pill (ZBDHP) on urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and sperm quality in ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu) infection infertile patients.

METHODSRecruited were 80 infertility patients with Uu infection at Andriatrics Clinics and Department of Reproduction, including 130 cases of positive Uu semen and 50 cases of negative Uu semen. Patients with positive Uu semen were randomly assigned to the observation group (72 cases) and the control group (58 cases) according to the visit sequence. All patients took antibiotics for 2 weeks. Patients in the observation group additionally took ZBDHP, 6 g each time, twice daily. Those in the control group additionally took Vit E (100 mg each time, twice per day) and ATP (40 mg each time, twice per day). The therapeutic course for all was 90 days. Semen parameters and uPA contents of the sperm membrane were detected and comparatively analyzed.

RESULTSThe sperm membrane uPA content, the sperm motility, the sperm viability, and the percentage of normal morphology sperm in Uu positive infected patients were lower than those in Uu negative infected patients with statistical difference (P < 0.05), but with no significant difference in the sperm density between the two groups (P > 0.05). There was no statistical difference in pre-treatment sperm membrane uPA contents and sperm parameters between the two groups (P > 0.05). Compared with before treatment in the same group, the sperm membrane uPA content, the sperm motility, the sperm viability, and the percentage of normal morphology sperm obviously increased in the two groups with statistical difference (P < 0.05). After treatment, the sperm membrane uPA content increased more obviously in the observation group, with statistical difference when compared with the control group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSInfection with Uu leads to decreased uPA content of sperm membrance and the sperm motility. ZBDHP could effectively treat Uu infected infertility possibly through fighting against Uu damaged sperm membrane and make the sperm membrane uPA content return to normal, and elevate the fertilizability of sperms.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Communicable Diseases ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Infertility ; Infertility, Male ; Male ; Semen ; Semen Analysis ; Sperm Count ; Sperm Motility ; Spermatozoa ; Ureaplasma Infections ; drug therapy ; Ureaplasma urealyticum ; drug effects ; Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator ; metabolism

Objective To study the protective effect of vitamin C on UV-induced photoaged skin structure in rats and provide a basis for clinical medicine and health care.Methods Photoaging skin models were set up by chronic ultraviolet radiation in 24 SPF female Sprague-Dawley rats, irradiated twice weekly for 4 weeks.The rat photoaged skin was induced by exposure to a total dose of 123 J/cm2 UVA and 5 J/cm2 UVB for 4 weeks.Vitamin C was administered by gastric gavage in a dose of 50 mg/kg once daily for 30 days during the model development.We compared the pathological changes in the irradiated skin using HE, Masson’ s trichrome and Victoria blue B staining, and compared the ultrastructural changes by electron microscopy.Results Rat models with photoaged skin were developed successfully.The vitamin C group showed significant reduction of pathological severity including erythema, ulcers, epidermal cell proliferation, epidermal thickness, dermis vasodilation, inflammatory cell infiltration, fibroblast proliferation, endoplasmic reticulum dilatation, mitochondrial swelling and vacuolization, elastic fibers degeneration and focal accumulation, collagen fibers swelling with uneven thickness,compared with the rats of model group at the irradiation site.Conclusions Vitamin C is effective in reducing the structural damage of UV-induced photoaged skin in rats.

For the current situation of the time background and the cultivation of innovation ability of undergraduates, the problems of fracture classification, function evaluation and postoperative rehabilitation were realized by a software research team which mainly consisted of medical undergrad-uates. We put the project into practice in forms of software production and software promotion trial separately in the field of teaching and clinical practice to encourage students to be involved in learn-ing in the process of software production of professional knowledge. The implementation of the project worked well, and developed the well-designed relevant mobile software which was convenient in clini-cal practice and acquired computer software copyright, indicating that it can effectively motivate the undergraduates' innovation interest and consciousness through participating in the various links and the software production process, and it can also contribute to the cultivation of the comprehensive practical and innovation ability of medical undergraduates.

Objective To explore the effect of timeliness motivation theory-based continuing care on the self-care ability and healthy behavior in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods A total of 202 elderly patients with type 2 diabetes in our hospital were selected,and were randomly divided into observation group and control group according to the random number table, with 101 cases in each group. The control group were given healthy related education during hospitalization , and post-discharge telephone follow-up every month, lasting 10~15min each time.The observation group were additionally given timeliness motivation theory-based continuing care by telephone follow-up each month , including emotional arousal , need motivation , examples stimulating and benefit motivation, lasting 6 months. Their self-care ability and healthy behavior in the two groups were compared. Result The self-care ability in the observation group was significantly significantly better than that of the control group (P<0.001), and had significantly much more healthy behaviors than the latter (P < 0.001). Conclusion Timeliness motivation theory-based continuing care can improve the self-care ability and healthy behavior in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.