OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for AIDS vaccine R&D in China through investigating AIDS vaccine patent ap-proval in America. METHODS:By combining keywords as HIV vaccine(s),AIDS vaccine(s) and Vaccine of HIV(AIDS) and classification number as A61K,A61P and C12P,related patents were retrieved from Thomson Innovation platform during Jan. 1981-Mar. 2015,and then analyzed in respects of patent data,patent approval trend,R&D ability,patent technology field distribu-tion,etc. RESULTS:A total of 1 272 patents were retrieved,including 405 valid patents. From 1985 to 2014,there were three stages for the change of AIDS vaccine application quantity,which were slow rise,fast rise and slow decline period;on the whole, the trend was on the rise. The main players were Duke University,United States Department of Health and Human Services,Pas-teur Institute,Connaught Laboratories Limited and Merck Group. AIDS vaccine R&D focused on pharmaceutical preparation,thera-peutic activity of medicinal preparations,microorganism,enzyme,etc. American scientific research institutions focused more on pharmaceutical preparation and peptide study. CONCLUSIONS:Though the AIDS vaccine field develops slowly,the future is still promising. In this field,America has stronger patent advantage and scientific research strength. AIDS vaccine R&D concentrates on pharmaceutical preparation,therapeutic activity of medicinal preparations and composition.

Objective To explore the change of plasma orexin-A levels in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).Methods Lung function test and blood gas analysis were performed in 15 obese COPD patients,20 COPD patients without obesity,20 obese controls and 20 normal healthy adults(control group).In both obese COPD group and obese group,the body mass index(BMI)was higher than 25 and there was no significant difference in BMI.The plasma was deproteinized by chromatography,and the plasma orexin-A levels were determined by radioimmunoassay.Results The plasma orexin-A levels in the obese COPD group[(8.82?1.90)ng/L]and the non-obese COPD group[(8.69?1.84)ng/L]were significantly higher than those in the obese group[(7.18?1.45)ng/L(P 0.05).Plasma orexin-A levels in patients with COPD correlated negatively with partial pressure of oxygen(PaO_2)(r = -0.527 ,P

To compare the chemical change of Paeoniae Radix Alba (PRA) after vinegar-baking processing, as well as the effect of vinegar types exerted on the processing, 1H NMR-based metabolomic approach combined with multivariate statistical analysis was used to investigate the different metabolites between the raw and two vinegar-baked PRA. More than thirty metabolites were identified in the 1H NMR spectrum of PRA, and the multivariate statistical analysis showed that raw and two vinegar-baked PRA could be separated obviously. After vinegar-baking, the contents of isoleucine, lactate, alanine, arginine, albiflorin, and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF) elevated, while those of sucrose, paeoniflorin and its analogues (calculated by benzoate) decreased. The chemical compositions of two vinegar-baked PRA were also different. Shanxi vinegar- baked PRA showed higher levels of leucine, isoleucine, valine, and albiflorin, while rice vinegar-baked PRA contained more sucrose and paeoniflorin's analogues (calculated by benzoate). And the chemical changes in Shanxi vinegar-baked PRA were greater than those of rice vinegar-baked PRA. The results revealed the chemical differences between raw and vinegar-baked PRA, as well as the influence of vinegar type on processing, in a holistic manner, the results obtained suggested that the correlations between the chemical change and the drug action after processing, as well as the vinegar type used in processing, should be further studied.

As an important kind of plant secondary metabolites and widely distributed in the plant kingdom, triter-penoid saponins have a variety of biological activities. The constitution and content of triterpenoid saponin are deter-mined by some key enzymes and their expressing level in triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis pathway. So, it is very important to illuminate the molecular mechanism of triterpenoid saponins biosynthetic pathway. In recent years, illu-mination of the entire biosynthetic pathway especially the confirmation and cloning of the key enzymes, such as squa-lene synthase, squalene epoxidase, cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and UDP-glycosyltransferase, had become one of the hot spots by many scholars. In this paper, the entire biosynthetic pathway and some kinds of key enzymes in-volved in the synthesis of carbon skeleton, and its oxidation, and glycation were reviewed for further demonstrating the biosynthetic pathway of triterpenoid saponins and providing a theoretical basis for artificial biosynthesis.

The association of spontaneous intracranial hypotension with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is rare. We report here a case of extensive cerebral venous sinus thrombosis involving three sinuses following spontaneous intracranial hypotension. The patient presented no other thrombotic risk factors except for spontaneous intracranial hypotension. This case adds to the evidence that spontaneous intracranial hypotension is a risk factor for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis.

Objective Taking the total amino-acid, total flavones, chlorogenic acid, and volatile oil in Chrysanthemum morifolium as index to investigate the internal quality which relates to collection periods and processing methvods in order to compare the quality of species from oringinal habitats. Methods The contents of colorogenic acid in C. morifolium was analyzed by HPLC; the content of total flavones and amino-acid in C. morifolium were measured by spectrophotometery; and the volatile oil obtained by steam distilation extraction was weighted. Results The every indexes of viviparious chrysanthemum except chlorogenic acid was the best among various flowering periods so the viviparious chrysanthemum can be used as the first-class tea. The common tea produced by half-booming and full-booming flowers with higher yield and appropriate index. The machine processing is fast and suitable for the production to a large-scale. Conclusion The quality of C. morifolium planted in Ruicheng, Shanxi Province is equal to that in Tongxiang, Zhejiang Province, which depends on the collecting periods and processing methods, so does the volatile oil rather than the evironment of the habitat.

Objective To study the protective effect of hydrogen-rich saline (HRS) on apoptosis in skin flap after ischemia/reperfusion injury.Methods Total 18 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups:a HRS treated group and two physiological saline treated groups (controls 1,2).The rats were anesthetized and an extended abdominal skin flap (6 cm × 9 cm) was elevated in each animal.Ischemia was induced by clamping the left right pedicle for 3 h,then HRS was administered intraperitoneally 10 min before reperfusion,and physiological saline was injected in control groups 1 and 2.In the control group 2,the flaps were elevated without occluding the artery and vein.Five days postoperation,apoptosis,TNF-α level in flap were measured with ELISA,NF-κB in nucleus was determined by Westernblot.Results Apoptotic rate represented (39.72±8.09) ％in HRS group and (69.43±13.27) ％ in control group 1,respectively.Treatment with HRS resulted in a marked reduction in apoptotic rate.TNF-α level was (516.408±38.674) pg/ml in the control group 1,a significant reduced TNF-α was measured in HRS group,accounting for (269.136 ±24.530) pg/ml.Moreover,NF-κB activation was significantly down-regulated by HRS.In control group 2,no significant apoptosis was observed because of non-blood occlusion,and there was no marked elevation of TNF-α and NF-κB.Conclusions HRS can protect skin from ischemia/reperfusion injury,attenuate apoptosis in flaps,which may be associated with the inhibition of TNF-α and NF-kb elevation.

The quality and grade of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs were assessed by their characteristics traditionally. According to traditional experience, the quality of the purple Flos Farfarae is better than that of yellow buds. NMR-based metabolomic approach combined with significant analysis of microarray (SAM) and Spearman rank correlation analysis were used to investigate the different metabolites of the Flos Farfarae with different color feature. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed clear distinction between the purple and yellow flower buds of Tussilago farfara. The S-plot of orthogonal PLS-DA (OPLS-DA) and t test revealed that the levels of threonine, proline, phosphatidylcholine, creatinine, 4, 5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, rutin, caffeic acid, kaempferol analogues, and tussilagone were higher in the purple flower buds than that in the yellow buds, in agreement with the results of SAM and Spearman rank correlation analysis. The results confirmed the traditional medication experience that "purple flower bud is better than the yellow ones", and provide a scientific basis for assessing the quality of Flos Farfarae by the color features.

1H NMR-based metabolomic approach combined with multivariate statistical analysis was used to evaluate the quality of 21 Farfarae Flos (FF) samples from different growth regions. Principal component analysis showed that wild and cultivated FF could be separated clearly, suggesting a big chemical difference existed between them. Supervised PLS-DA analysis indicated that the wild samples showed higher levels of secondary metabolites, such as bauer-7-ene-3β, 16α-diol, chlorogenic acid, rutin, 7-(3'-ethylcrotonoyloxy)-1α-(2'-methyl-butyryloxy)-3, 14-dehydro-Z-notonipetranone (EMDNT), tussilagone, β-sitosterol and sitosterone. This is consistent with traditional experience that the quality of wild samples are better than that of cultivated ones. The content of pyrrolizidine alkaloids senkirkine also differed greatly among samples from different habitats. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that senkirkine is positively correlated with 4, 5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, rutin, kampferol analogues, to a statistically significant extent. The correlation between the toxic compounds and the bioactive components in FF should be further studied.

To reveal the underlying mechanism of doxorubicin induced hepatotoxicity, an NMR-based metabolomic approach combined with multivariate statistical analysis was used to observe its metabolic alternations of rat liver. Sixteen differential metabolites between model rats and normal rats were characterized as potential pathological biomarkers related to doxorubicin induced hepatotoxicity. Six pathways, including phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and tyrosine metabolism were regarded as the targeted metabolic pathways according to Metabolic Pathway Analysis (MetPA). The results suggested that the metabolic perturbations in rats with doxorubicin induced hepatotoxicity were mainly involved in amino acid metabolism, lipid pathways, purine metabolism, energy metabolism, dysfunction of biotransformation and oxidative stress. The investigation revealed the effects of doxorubicin on liver in a holistic metabolic way, which laid a foundation for further studies on its toxicity mechanism.