Objective To present the development of the Naming test tool ( Huashan Naming Test, HNT)for Chinese cultural and by amnestic mild cognitive impairment ( aMCI ) and mild Alzheimer' s disease (AD) between the detection of memory decline,and to analyze the validity of its trial.Methods 100 normal elders from communities in Shanghai, 100 patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and 95 patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) who received an education of junior high school or above and were evaluated by neuropsychological tests including mini mental state examination ( MMSE), auditory verbal memory test, Huashan Naming tests etc.8 cognitive tests.The groups of MCI and AD patients finished cranial MRI.100 items with HNT including 20 animals,10 vegetables,10 fruits ,20 tools ,20 household , 10 vehicles, 10 stationery.Results 1.HNT items to determine: 22 items were excluded due to the completion of the three groups were not significantly different; 8 items were excluded due to the completion of the normal elderly group was lower than 75%; 10 items were excluded from the analysis of variance Fvalue of the minimum value.The remaining 60 items,according to the size of the arrangement and completion rates were divided into two versions of odd and even, respectively HNT-Ⅰ and HNT-Ⅱ.2.HNT characteristics:in normal elderly group age, sex were found to had no significant factors affecting overall scores of HNT-Ⅰ and HNT-Ⅱ but level of education, MMSE score was significantly correlated (P ＜0.05).As cut-off score ≤ 26 for spontaneous naming of HNT,the sensitivities of HNT-Ⅰ for aMCI ,mild AD were 44%, 84% respectively, specificities were all around 84%; the sensitivities of HNT-Ⅱ for aMCI , mild AD were 56% ,83% respectively,specificities were all around 80%.Conclusion HNT is a Chinese cultural background,time-consuming short and good name validity test,and it is worth further promoting the application.

Objective To explore the activity and its possible neural mechanism of brain default mode network by using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods The 20 amnestic MCI patients and 25 healthy controls were included in this study, and all subjects underwent mini-mental state examination (MMSE), auditory verbal learning test (AVLT) and fMRI. The data were analyzed by amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF), and the enhanced and weakened regions of ALFF were observed and compared in both MCI patients and healthy controls. Results MMSE and AVLT tests showed that the memory function was seriously impaired in MCI patients compared with healthy controls, which is based on the short and long delayed episodic memory impairment (2.4±1.7 vs. 6.6±1.4, t=3.70, P＜0.01; 2.1±1.6 vs. 6.7±1.5, t=4.16, P＜0.01). The resting state fMRI showed that MCI patients had significant decreases of ALFF in hippocampal formation, parahippocampal cortex and lateral temporal cortex as compared with health controls (t=2.58, 2.43 and 1.75, all P＜0.01), which were closely relevant to the episodic memory. And they had significant increases in temporal-parietal joint and inferior parietal lobule (t=3.14 and 2.77, both P＜0.01). Conclusions MCI patients show significant decreased active intensity of some DMN nodes that is related to episodic memory in resting state. Increased active intensity in MCI patients would be some type of compensation.

Objective To investigate the executive function features of different subtypes of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Methods Sixty-four subjects with subcortical ischaemic vascular disease (SIVD) presumed by medical history and neuroimaging (cranial MRI) were recruited. The clinical and neuropsychological features of the 4 groups were compared: cognitive normal control (n=25), simple executive impairment of VCI-ND (s-VCI-ND, n=16), multi-domain impairment of VCI-ND (m-VCI-ND, n=26) and vascular dementia (VaD) patients (n=22). All participants underwent neuropsychological tests covering global cognitive function, executive function, memory function, language function and visual spatial skills. The executive tests included 15 independent subtest reflect set shifting, inhibition of prepotent responses, working memory, concept formation and fluency. Results Tower of Hanoi, self ordered pointing test and paced auditory serial addition test were not suitable for identification of VCI-ND because their finish rates were less 50%. Performance of trail making test (216.5±69.3 vs 137.4±37.9), Stroop color words test (115.4±30.1 vs 72.9±17.5), California cards sorting test-Chinese version (1.9±1.4 vs 2.7±1.2)and animal category fluency test(14.2±2.3 vs 17.7±4.4) had significant difference between s-VCI-ND group and cognitive normal control group (t=4.73, 5.72, 2.04 and 3.53, all P<0.05) and these tests were applicable and sensitive assessment tools in all executive tests. Time-consuming index showed more sensitivity than correct index in executive function. Neuropsychological deficits of m-VCI-ND patients showed lower than that of s-VCI-ND group and better than that of VaD patients. It was likely that the m-VCI-ND was a transition state between normal aging and VaD. Conclusion Executive dysfunction of VCI caused by SIVD is short of specificity. Some tests may appear earlier in screening of VCI-ND.

Objective To investigate the conversion rate of subtypes of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) to Alzheimer' s disease (AD) and assess the contribution of neuropsychological disturbance in progression from MCI to AD over 2 years. Method Subjects from memory clinic of Huashan hospital including 130 of who met the operational criteria for Mayo Clinic defined aMCI by neuropsychological tests covering global cognitive function, executive function, memory function, language function and visual spatial skills. They underwent multidimensional assessment and a neuropsychological battery at baseline and at follow-up, after about 2 years. Diagnosis for dementia was based on National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke; Alzheimer' s Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) criteria. Results Forty-four cases of 130 (33. 8% ) elder people with aMCI converted to probable AD with 17 aMCI-s and 27 aMCI-m subjects within an average 23.8 (6. 8 ) months. There was significant difference between the reversion rate of aMCI-s and aMCI-m (26. 2% vs 42. 9%, x2 = 3.957,P = 0. 047). Moreover, as the disease progressing,the two groups declined similarly in memory and executive function while in the aMCI-s group, the function of spatial structure relatively reserved in aMCI-s but function of language and attention diminished faster, and in the aMCI-m group, the ability of spatial structure declined even more significantly. Conclusion The aMCI-m is more likely to progress to AD than aMCI-s and it' s necessary to divide aMCI into aMCI-s and aMCI-m to help determine prognosis.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of membrane protein receptors, and Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) is a member of this family. As a membrane receptor, TGR5 is widely distributed in different parts of the human body and plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, including the processes of energy consumption, weight loss and blood glucose homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that TGR5 plays an important role in glucose and lipid metabolism disorders such as fatty liver, obesity and diabetes. With the global obesity situation becoming more and more serious, a comprehensive explanation of the mechanism of TGR5 and filling the gaps in knowledge concerning clinical ligand drugs are urgently needed. In this review, we mainly explain the anti-obesity mechanism of TGR5 to promote the further study of this target, and show the electron microscope structure of TGR5 and review recent studies on TGR5 ligands to illustrate the specific binding between TGR5 receptor binding sites and ligands, which can effectively provide new ideas for ligand research and promote drug research.