Objective:To compare the cognitive functions between elderly of Shanghai, Hong Kong and San Diego.Method:104 elderly in Shanghai was evaluated by the Chinese version of Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS)and mini-mental state examination (MMSE), the results were compared with that of 104 persons in Hong Kong and 150 elderly participants in San Diago.Result:Compared with Hong Kong participants, Shanghai participants performed significantly higher on one item, but there were significantly differences in five items between Shanghai participants and the San Diego participants which age and education were matched.Conclusion:Some DRS subscales or individual items may be susceptible to cultural differences.

Objective To draw up the Chinese Words Reading Test and try to use it as way of premorbid intelligence. Methods 373 health middle-elderly people as study subjects, from five communities in Shanghai city, are between age 55 and 85, and their edueational background is junior high school or above, and their MMSE scores are more than 24 points. 34 of the cases have finished CWRT and Weehsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Chinese Revised edition. The main analysis indicators of CWRT: CWRT-Ⅰ for number of right reading 50 characters and CWRT-Ⅱ for 50 words. Results Both CWRT-Ⅰ and CWRT-Ⅱ are relative to education level( r = 0.462,0.489, and P < 0.01), while the correlation with age is not signifieant. Performance of the male participants are better than that of the female. The coefficient of correlation between scores of CWRT-Ⅰ and full IQ of WAIS is 0.79. The mean and standard deviation of scores of CWRT-Ⅰ and CWRT-Ⅱ for the normal elder people with different education levels and gender are provided. Conclusion CWRT is not very diffieuh or easy, and is highly relative to score of WAIS. So it can be used as an evaluating tool for premorbid intelligence.

Objective: To study the cognitive function of patients with myasthenia gravis.Methods: Cognitive function of 35 patients with general myasthenia gravis and 31 patients with Eye-Muscles myasthenia gravis,and 35 control subjects was examined with cognitive measures of Recall of Auditory Verbal Learning Test,Symbol Digit Modalities Test,Trail Making Test,Logic Memory Test,Stroop Color Words Test(A、B 、C),Verbal fluency Test and Boston Naming Test.Results: MG patients performed worse than the control subjects on several cognitive measures.Conclusion: There is disorder of cognitive function in the patients with myasthenia gravis,revealing that there may exist deficiency in the central neuroal system of the patients with myasthenia gravis.

Objective To investigate the 4-year follow up of cognitive function outcomes and characteristics in patients after stroke.Methods Sixty three cases according with the diagnostic standard of acute unifocal subcortical stroke were consecutively collected in neurological ward from December 2009 to November 2010.They were followed up for average four years.Forty one out of them completed the neuropsychology tests identical to the baseline,which covered the general cognition function,attention,execution,memory,language,spatial,etc.According to the standard of clinical diagnosis,cognition function is divided into five degrees,including normal,VCI-ND,mild VaD,moderate VaD,and severe VaD.The improved group had 13 cases whose cognition function was improved by one or more ranks.The progressive group had 12 cases whose cognition function progressed by one or more ranks.The stable group had 16 cases whose cognition function remained the same as the baseline.Results According to qualitative analysis on the baseline versus 4-year follow-up outcome,in 13 improved cases,8 were VCI-ND and 5 were mild VaD.In 16 stable cases,11 were normal,4 were VCI-ND and 1 was mild VaD.In 12 progressive cases,3 were normal (change to mild VaD after follow-up),5 were VCI-ND (change to mild and moderate VaD after follow-up) and 4 were mild VaD (change to moderate VaD after 4-year follow-up).In the comparison of baseline cognition function among the improved,progressive and stable group,there was only one significantly different score (the right number of SCWT-A) in the improved and progressive group.The cognition function of improved group had significant differences in CFT-copy,right number of SCWT-C and the time of TMT-B before versus after follow-up.The cognition function of progressive group had significant differences in AVLT-Delay Recall and CFT-Recall.Conclusion Long-term cognitive function outcome after stroke is heterogenetic.The location of cognitive impairment or progression is not the same model for different cognitive outcome group.

Objective: To analyze auditory verbal memory impairment after isolated stroke lesions in subcerebral structure. Methods: Auditory verbal memory function was examined in 25 normal elderly and 83 patients at 20th day after their admission to hospital for acute cerebrovascular disease with non-aphasiaand solitary lesions as identified by cranial CT or MRI. Results: Test findings suggested patients with stroke of internal capsule-basal ganglia, cerebellum and pons lesion have processing impairments of recent memory and subjective organization which are related to concentration and arousal levels. Conclusion: Stroke of subcortical regions such as lesions of thalamus,internal capsule-basal ganglia,cerebellum and pons may induce memory impairments with unique impaired cognitive coding modalities.

Objective To investigate the conversion rate of subtypes of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) to Alzheimer' s disease (AD) and assess the contribution of neuropsychological disturbance in progression from MCI to AD over 2 years. Method Subjects from memory clinic of Huashan hospital including 130 of who met the operational criteria for Mayo Clinic defined aMCI by neuropsychological tests covering global cognitive function, executive function, memory function, language function and visual spatial skills. They underwent multidimensional assessment and a neuropsychological battery at baseline and at follow-up, after about 2 years. Diagnosis for dementia was based on National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke; Alzheimer' s Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) criteria. Results Forty-four cases of 130 (33. 8% ) elder people with aMCI converted to probable AD with 17 aMCI-s and 27 aMCI-m subjects within an average 23.8 (6. 8 ) months. There was significant difference between the reversion rate of aMCI-s and aMCI-m (26. 2% vs 42. 9%, x2 = 3.957,P = 0. 047). Moreover, as the disease progressing,the two groups declined similarly in memory and executive function while in the aMCI-s group, the function of spatial structure relatively reserved in aMCI-s but function of language and attention diminished faster, and in the aMCI-m group, the ability of spatial structure declined even more significantly. Conclusion The aMCI-m is more likely to progress to AD than aMCI-s and it' s necessary to divide aMCI into aMCI-s and aMCI-m to help determine prognosis.

Objective To explore the effects of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) on the acute lung injury and the activation of Nrf2 pathway after Paraquat (PQ) induced lung injury.Methods Fortyeight adult male SD rats with lung injury induced by PQ were randomly (random number) divided into control group and PDTC group.Three animals were sacrificed at every 1-week interval,7d,14d and 21 days after PQ intoxication,and the lungs of rats were removed for acute lung injury score after HE staining,and for lung fibrosis assessment after Masson staining,and the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the lung tissue homogenate were assayed and the phosphorylation of Nrf2 (nuclear-E2-related factor 2) was detected by Weston blot.The mean values of detected variables between two groups were compared by t test,and survival curve was tested by Wilcoxon (Gehan) test.Results The intoxication symptoms of rats were obvious,and 4 rats in control group and 9 rats in PDTC group survived until 21days.The survival time of animals in PDTC group was longer than that in control group (Wilcoxon (Gehan) =10.17023,P =0.001).The levels of MDA in control group were higher than those in PDTC group,while the levels of GSH in control group were lower than those in PDTC group.The levels of phosphorylation of Nrf2 in PDTC group were higher than those in control group at 1-week intervals,1-week:(0.32±0.04) vs.(0.23±0.05),P=0.003; 2-week:(0.62±0.06) vs.(0.33±0.03),P＜0.001; 3-week:(0.61 ±0.04) vs.(0.33±0.05),P＜0.001.The acute lung injury (ALI) scores in PDTC group were lower than those in control group,1-week:(5 ± 0.95) vs.(8 ± 1.23),P =0.002 ; 2-week:(9±1.18) vs.(11±1.02),P=0.019; 3-week:(11±1.33) vs.(12±1.42),P=0.002.The percentages of lung fibrosis at 1-week intervals after PQ intoxication were (40.87 ± 7.25) ％,(43.38 ±5.71)％ and (45.91 ± 3.97)％ in control group,and they were higher than those in PDTC group (32.92±2.34)％,(33.45 ±3.04)％ and (35.27 ±3.81)％ in PDTC group,P=0.017,0.001 and 0.001 respectively.Conclusions Attenuation of acute lung injury and lung fibrosis,and prolongation of survival time of SD rats by PDTC were associated with activation of Nrf2 pathway.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical value of suprapubic Trocar puncture lithotripsy in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and bladder stones. Methods: From February 2016 to August 2018, 60 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and bladder stones in the Second Hospital of Pujiang County were randomly selected.The patients were divided into transurethral prostatic bipolarplasma electrotomy group(control group, 30 cases) and transurethral prostatic bipolar excision procedure combined with suprapubic Trocar puncture cystinolithotomy group(study group, 30 cases) according to the operation methods.The operation time, stone extraction time, removal of bladder fistula time, catheter extraction time, success of one stone extraction, postoperative complications of the two groups were statistically analyzed. Results: The operation time, stone removal time, bladder fistula removal time and catheter removal time of the study group were significantly shorter than those of the control group(t=6.965, 4.541, 3.365, 3.306, all P<0.05). The success rate of the first stone extraction in the study group was 100.0%(30/30), which was significantly higher than 86.7%(26/30) in the control group (χ²=12.83, P<0.05). The incidence rate of postoperative complications in the study group was 10.0%(3/30), which was significantly lower than 23.3%(7/30) in the control group(χ²=13.34, P<0.05). Conclusion Suprapubic Trocar puncture lithotripsy has high value in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and bladder stones.

Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the different brain oxygen metabolism statuses in preeclampsia using magnetic resonance imaging and investigate the factors that affect cerebral oxygen metabolism in preeclampsia. Materials and Methods: Forty-nine women with preeclampsia (mean age 32.4 years; range, 18–44 years), 22 pregnant healthy controls (PHCs) (mean age 30.7 years; range, 23–40 years), and 40 non-pregnant healthy controls (NPHCs) (mean age 32.5 years; range, 20–42 years) were included in this study. Brain oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) values were computed using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) plus quantitative blood oxygen level-dependent magnitude-based OEF mapping (QSM + quantitative blood oxygen level-dependent imaging or QQ) obtained with a 1.5-T scanner. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to investigate the differences in OEF values in the brain regions among the groups. Results: Among the three groups, the average OEF values were significantly different in multiple brain areas, including the parahippocampus, multiple gyri of the frontal lobe, calcarine, cuneus, and precuneus (all P-values were less than 0.05, after correcting for multiple comparisons). The average OEF values of the preeclampsia group were higher than those of the PHC and NPHC groups. The bilateral superior frontal gyrus/bilateral medial superior frontal gyrus had the largest size of the aforementioned brain regions, and the OEF values in this area were 24.2 ± 4.6, 21.3 ± 2.4, and 20.6 ± 2.8 in the preeclampsia, PHC, and NPHC groups, respectively. In addition, the OEF values showed no significant differences between NPHC and PHC. Correlation analysis revealed that the OEF values of some brain regions (mainly involving the frontal, occipital, and temporal gyrus) were positively correlated with age, gestational week, body mass index, and mean blood pressure in the preeclampsia group (r = 0.361–0.812). Conclusion Using whole-brain VBM analysis, we found that patients with preeclampsia had higher OEF values than controls.

AIM:To investigate the regulatory role of retinoid X receptor(RXR)in oxidative stress response of rat type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells(AECII)induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation(HR).METHODS:The AECII were di-vided into control(C)group,HR group,HR+solvent dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)group(HD group),HR+RXR agonist 9-cis-retinoic acid(9-RA)group(RA group),and HR+RXR antagonist HX531 group(HX group).Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8)method was used to measure the cell viability.Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of surfactant protein A(SP-A)and RXRα in AECII.Kits were detected to the levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and malondialdehyde(MDA)in cells.Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the ultrastructural changes of the cells.Western blot was used to detect the protein level of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2(Nrf2).RT-PCR was used to detect the expression level of Nrf2 mRNA.RESULTS:Compared with C group,the cell viability and SOD activity in HR,HD,RA and HX groups were decreased significantly(P<0.05),the MDA content were increased significantly(P<0.05),the Nrf2 mRNA and protein expression levels were decreased significantly(P<0.05 or P<0.01),and the immuno-fluorescence expression of RXRα was significantly increased(P<0.01).Compared with HR and HX groups,the cells in RA group showed significantly increased cell viability(P<0.05),increased SOD activity(P<0.05),decreased MDA con-tent(P<0.05),increased Nrf2 mRNA and protein expression levels(P<0.01),and significantly increased immunofluo-rescence expression of RXRα(P<0.01).CONCLUSION:Hypoxia/reoxygenation can aggravate the oxidative stress re-sponse of rat AECII,and RXR agonist intervention can alleviate HR-induced rat AECII injury by inhibiting oxidative stress.