Objective To establish and optimize the ISSR-PCR reaction system for Prunella vulgaris and lay foundation for its genetic diversity research.Methods The single-factor and orthogonal design were applied for optimizing seven factors in the ISSR-PCR reaction system including Mg2+,dNTP,primers,Taq DNA polymerase,the template DNA,annealing temperature,and cycles.Results The suitable PCR reaction system contained 2.2 mmol/L Mg2+,175 ?mol/L dNTP,0.75 ?mol/L primer,1.0 U Taq DNA polymerase,and 30 ng template DNA in total 20 ?L reaction solution.On this basis,18 primers were screened with stable amplification and rich polymorphism from 92 ISSR primers.The optimal annealing temperature for ISSR-PCR reaction was proposed by gradient PCR.Conclusion It is a way to establisb the ISSR-PCR system for orthogonal design combining with single-factor test.And it is proved to be stable and credible for the result of 24 P.vulgaris populations.This optimized ISSR reaction system would provide the basis for the genetic analysis of P.vulgaris.

Objective To establish and optimize ISSR-PCR systems of Chrysanthemum morifolium and lay the foundation for its genetic diversity research. Methods Based on the analysis of variance, an orthogonal design was used to optimize the ISSR-PCR amplification system on C. morifolium by four factors (Taq polymerase, Mg2+, dNTP, and primer) at three concentration levels, respectively. Results A suitable ISSR reaction system was constructed with the 20 ?L reaction system containing 1.00 U Taq polymerase, 2.00 mmol/L Mg2+, 0.20 mmol/L dNTP, and 0.50 ?mol/L primer. Conclusion ISSR-PCR is significantly influenced by the concentration of Taq polymerase, Mg2+, and dNTP. This ISSR-PCR system could provide clear bands, reliable reaction system, and abundant polymorphisms . It is proved to be suitable for the study of the genetic diversity of C. morifolium

Objective To investigate the variation of chemical characteristics with environmental factors and establish a relationship betweem morphological characters and chemical composition of Prunella vulgaris collected in different areas of China.Methods Twelve phenotypic traits and three chemical compositions were assessed in 28 populations of P.vulgaris collected from different locations in China.Results The variability ranges observed at phenotypic and chemical levels were polymorphic.According to the morphological traits,28 populations of P.vulgaris could be grouped into six clusters,and two morpho-types could be clearly distinguished.Perceptible differences could be discerned in the plant height,leaf length,corolla length,calyx length,fruiting spikes length,and maturity period.Based on three kinds of components including ursolic acid,total flavonoids,and total polysaccharides,all populations could be identified as four types.Cluster Ⅳ showing high content of ursolic acid,total flavonoids,and total polysaccharides could be utilized to develop superior derivatives.Conclusion The variation of chemical characteristics is influenced by the genetic and environmental factors,such as soil,climate,longitude,and altitude.It provides a solid basis for efficiently evaluating qualities and establishing good agricultural practices for P.vulgaris.

OBJECTIVETo explore the character of inorganic elements in Flos Chrysanthemi indici and look for relationship between the element concentration and regions.

METHODThe contents of elements, including borum (B), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium(Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), strontium (Sr), cesium (Se), barium(Ba) and lead(Pb) in Chinese traditional herb Flos Chrysanthemi indici from different regions were determined by ICP-AES. The element distrubution diagram were plotted. The principal component analysis and correlation analysis of SPSS were applied for the study of characteristic elements.

RESULTSimilar curves of element concentration have been acquired. It is observed that the content of elements in the samples shows regional diversity. There are 15 correlative element pairs in correlation analysis. Four principal components which accounted for over 84.437% of the total variance were extracted from the original data. The first and second factors accounted for 60.090% of the total variance, which means that P, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Sr, B, Na and Se may be the characteristic elements.

CONCLUSIONThe showed that element content in Flos Chrysanthemi Indici display special distributing diagram. Remarkable correlation is presented in some element pairs. The elements contents of Flos Chrysanthemi indici gained from Yunan, Hunan are higher than those from other regions.

China ; Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Flowers ; chemistry ; Principal Component Analysis ; Trace Elements ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo study the genetic diversity of Changium smyrnioides and give a reference for utilization of the germplasm.

METHODTen different populations of Ch. smyrnioides were analyzed by the approach of sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP). Genetic similarity coefficient was calculated, and systematic relationships were constructed based on the UPGMA method.

RESULTSeventeen primer pairs were selected from 160. A total of 363 bands were scored, 314 bands of them were polymorphic and the average was 18.47 polymorphic bands per primer pair, which were up to 86.50% polymorphic ratio. The results indicated that there was abundant genetic diversity among the tested materials. Genetic similarity coefficient was ranged from 0.4959 to 0.8182. Cluster analysis showed that ten different populations of Ch. smyrnioides could be distinguished into two groups.

CONCLUSIONHigh level genetic diversity was in different populations of Ch. smyrnioides, and genetic relationship was correlative to geographic position.

Apiaceae ; classification ; genetics ; Genetic Variation ; genetics ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; methods ; Phylogeny ; Plants, Medicinal ; classification ; genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

OBJECTIVETo determine the concentration of mineral elements and analyze the principal components in Thesium chinense.

METHODMineral elements were determined by ICP-DES. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used toanalyze and evaluate the characteristic elements.

RESULTT. chinense contained more than 17 mineral elements, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, Sr, B, Ca, P, K, Na, Mg, Mg, Mn, Zn and Cu were abundance in T. chinense. The concentration of Mn and Zn were about 100 microg x g(-1), Mg was from 1 898.0 to 3 137.73 micro x g(-1), Fe > 500 microg x g(-1). PCA concluded that four factors (F1, F2, F3, F4 ) could be used to evaluate the quality of T. chinense. The function is following: F = 0.444 77F1 + 0.237 71F2 + 0.167 28F3 + 0.150 24F4. The scores of different populations of T. chinens were from 0.627 to 0.189. Zn,Cu,Mg,P, K, Al, Fe, Cr, Na, Co, Pb, Mn, B and Ca were the characteristic elements of T. chinense.

CONCLUSIONT. chinense contain more than 17 mineral elements. Zn, Cu, Mg, P, K, Al, Fe, Cr, Na, Co, Pb, Mn, B and Ca were the characteristic elements of T. chinense.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Principal Component Analysis ; Santalaceae ; chemistry ; Trace Elements ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo determine the residues of organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals in Radix Ophiopogonis and Ophiopogon japonicus.

METHODThe residues of 4 isomers of benzene hexa chloride (BHC) and 4 isomers of dichloro dipheny trichloroethane (DDT) were determined by gas chromatography. The contents of Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg and As were determined by ICP.

RESULTThe residues of organochlorine pesticides in Radix Ophiopogonis were lower than the permissible maximum limits of the Chinese national standard except hexachloride (BHC) in Radix Ophiopogonis from Cixi as well as Cu in soil of Luojiang.

CONCLUSIONThe enrichment capacity of Radix Ophiopogonis for (BHC) and Hg is higher. It is suggested that we should try to select herbs-growing soil for O. japonicus with a particular emphasis on the pesticides residues in soil.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated ; analysis ; Metals, Heavy ; analysis ; Ophiopogon ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Pesticide Residues ; analysis ; Pesticides ; analysis ; Soil Pollutants ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo investigate the original plant and dietotherapy history of Prunella vulgaris by textual researches, and provide a theoretical basis for clinical medication, exploitation and protection of wild resources.

METHODThe ancient literatures in the graphic, geographical distribution and morphological description of P. vulgaris were used in this studied.

RESULTThe varieties of P. vulgaris for therapeutic were no confusion. However, there has existed confusion between P. vulgaris and its confusable species (Ajuga ciliate, A. decumbens and Lagopsis supina) with appellations, morphological description and attached drawing of original plant.

CONCLUSIONThe original plant is originated from two species (P. vulgaris, P. asiatica). P. hispida was used as a certified medicinal material in Yunnan province from Ming Dynasty to modern time. The dietotherapy history of P. vulgaris in China can be traced back to Ming Dynasty or before.

China ; Drug Therapy ; history ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; history ; therapeutic use ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature ; Prunella ; chemistry ; growth & development

OBJECTIVETo investigate the quality of Schisandra chinensis, and thus provide the useful reference data for its quality standard establishment and standardized cultivation.

METHODBase on the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and literature relating to S. chinensis, the appearance, water-soluble extractive, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and volatile oil of 10 S. chinensis sampes collected from different producing sites in northeast China were studied or determined, and the contents of major active lingans were measured by HPLC.

RESULTThe content of total ash and acid-insoluble ash in S. chinensis was less than 7.0%, 1.0%, respectively. The contents of water-soluble extractive were higher than 45.0%. HPLC analyses showed that the content of schisandrol A was higher than 0.40%. All these results in accordance with the requirements of Chinese Pharmacopoeia were published in 2010.

CONCLUSIONThe differences of the appearance and the internal quality are different for the samples collected from different areas. And the establishment of a scientific and comprehensive quality standard system will be very important role in ensuring the quality of S. chinensis.

China ; Cyclooctanes ; analysis ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; standards ; Lignans ; analysis ; Oils, Volatile ; analysis ; Quality Control ; Schisandra ; chemistry ; growth & development