Objective To establish and optimize the ISSR-PCR reaction system for Prunella vulgaris and lay foundation for its genetic diversity research.Methods The single-factor and orthogonal design were applied for optimizing seven factors in the ISSR-PCR reaction system including Mg2+,dNTP,primers,Taq DNA polymerase,the template DNA,annealing temperature,and cycles.Results The suitable PCR reaction system contained 2.2 mmol/L Mg2+,175 ?mol/L dNTP,0.75 ?mol/L primer,1.0 U Taq DNA polymerase,and 30 ng template DNA in total 20 ?L reaction solution.On this basis,18 primers were screened with stable amplification and rich polymorphism from 92 ISSR primers.The optimal annealing temperature for ISSR-PCR reaction was proposed by gradient PCR.Conclusion It is a way to establisb the ISSR-PCR system for orthogonal design combining with single-factor test.And it is proved to be stable and credible for the result of 24 P.vulgaris populations.This optimized ISSR reaction system would provide the basis for the genetic analysis of P.vulgaris.

Objective To establish and optimize ISSR-PCR systems of Chrysanthemum morifolium and lay the foundation for its genetic diversity research. Methods Based on the analysis of variance, an orthogonal design was used to optimize the ISSR-PCR amplification system on C. morifolium by four factors (Taq polymerase, Mg2+, dNTP, and primer) at three concentration levels, respectively. Results A suitable ISSR reaction system was constructed with the 20 ?L reaction system containing 1.00 U Taq polymerase, 2.00 mmol/L Mg2+, 0.20 mmol/L dNTP, and 0.50 ?mol/L primer. Conclusion ISSR-PCR is significantly influenced by the concentration of Taq polymerase, Mg2+, and dNTP. This ISSR-PCR system could provide clear bands, reliable reaction system, and abundant polymorphisms . It is proved to be suitable for the study of the genetic diversity of C. morifolium

Objective To investigate the variation of chemical characteristics with environmental factors and establish a relationship betweem morphological characters and chemical composition of Prunella vulgaris collected in different areas of China.Methods Twelve phenotypic traits and three chemical compositions were assessed in 28 populations of P.vulgaris collected from different locations in China.Results The variability ranges observed at phenotypic and chemical levels were polymorphic.According to the morphological traits,28 populations of P.vulgaris could be grouped into six clusters,and two morpho-types could be clearly distinguished.Perceptible differences could be discerned in the plant height,leaf length,corolla length,calyx length,fruiting spikes length,and maturity period.Based on three kinds of components including ursolic acid,total flavonoids,and total polysaccharides,all populations could be identified as four types.Cluster Ⅳ showing high content of ursolic acid,total flavonoids,and total polysaccharides could be utilized to develop superior derivatives.Conclusion The variation of chemical characteristics is influenced by the genetic and environmental factors,such as soil,climate,longitude,and altitude.It provides a solid basis for efficiently evaluating qualities and establishing good agricultural practices for P.vulgaris.

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of waterlogging stress on medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium during the seedling stage and build a reliable evaluation of flooding tolerance indicator system.

METHODThe three cultivars: C. morifolium cv. Hongxinju, C. morifolium cv. Xiaobaiju and C. morifolium cv. Changbanju were studied for the and the effect of waterlogging stress on their physiological and biochemical chracteristics.

RESULTWith the extension of waterlogging, the content of chlorophyll and relative leaf water potential were decreased, meanwhile malonaldehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and soluble sugar were increased. The catalase (CAT) of C. morifolium cv. Hongxinju rose at first and then dropped and CAT of C. morifolium cv. Xiaobailu and C. morifolium cv. Changbanju declined at first before decreased, and then dropped again. The peroxidase (POD) rose firstly before decrease and then increases again. After the waterlogging treatments which last for 4 days, the physiology and biochemistry characteristics can not restore to the comparison (CK) within 3 days.

CONCLUSIONFour days waterlogging treatment had made serious damage on medicinal Chrysanthemum. Among three cultivars, C. morifolium Ramat. cv. Hongxinju showed the highest tolerance ability, while C. morifolium cv. Changbanju was the lowest, and C. morifolium cv. Xiaobaiu was in the middle. The malonaldehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT) could be the main physiological and biochemical indexes to reflect the tolerance ability against waterlogging.

Carbohydrate Metabolism ; Carbohydrates ; analysis ; Catalase ; analysis ; metabolism ; Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; enzymology ; physiology ; Dehydration ; Malondialdehyde ; analysis ; metabolism ; Peroxidase ; analysis ; metabolism ; Plant Proteins ; analysis ; metabolism ; Seedlings ; chemistry ; enzymology ; physiology ; Water ; metabolism

OBJECTIVESelecting an effective way to increase salt-resistance of Prunella vulgaris seed through seed priming technology.

METHODThe treatment of salt stress to P. vulgaris seeds was made by the different concentrations of NaCl solutions. Primed seeds germinated under 0.8% NaCl.

RESULTAs concentrations of NaCl increasing, seed germination percentage, germination index and vitality index reduced. Primed with 15%-35% PEG, 100-500 mg x L(-1) GA3 and 0.4%-2.0% KNO3-KH2PO4 could enhance seeds germination index and vitality index under salt stress while treated with NaCl seeds germination percentage reduced.

CONCLUSIONTreated with PEG, GA3, KNO3-KH2PO4 under proper concentration, the seed vigor, seed resistance under salt stress increased.

Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; drug effects ; Germination ; drug effects ; Prunella ; drug effects ; physiology ; Salt-Tolerance ; drug effects ; Seeds ; drug effects ; physiology ; Sodium Chloride ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the quality of Schisandra chinensis, and thus provide the useful reference data for its quality standard establishment and standardized cultivation.

METHODBase on the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and literature relating to S. chinensis, the appearance, water-soluble extractive, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and volatile oil of 10 S. chinensis sampes collected from different producing sites in northeast China were studied or determined, and the contents of major active lingans were measured by HPLC.

RESULTThe content of total ash and acid-insoluble ash in S. chinensis was less than 7.0%, 1.0%, respectively. The contents of water-soluble extractive were higher than 45.0%. HPLC analyses showed that the content of schisandrol A was higher than 0.40%. All these results in accordance with the requirements of Chinese Pharmacopoeia were published in 2010.

CONCLUSIONThe differences of the appearance and the internal quality are different for the samples collected from different areas. And the establishment of a scientific and comprehensive quality standard system will be very important role in ensuring the quality of S. chinensis.

China ; Cyclooctanes ; analysis ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; standards ; Lignans ; analysis ; Oils, Volatile ; analysis ; Quality Control ; Schisandra ; chemistry ; growth & development

OBJECTIVETo understand the embryo after-ripening phenomenon of Panax quinquefolium, the growth and development process of fruit and seed was investigated in this study.

METHODThe growth and development characteristics of fruit and seed were obtained by field observation, the morphological changes were measured with a vernier caliper, paraffin section was used as well.

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONThe plant reached the most flowering numbers in 5-8 d after initial blooming time and the lag phase of embryo occurred in about 70 d. The size, fresh and dry weight of fruit and seed were all reached maximum in fruit maturation period. As the result showed, the development of seed was stopped at torpedo form of embryos, this conclusion can be applied to explore the morphological after-ripening mechanism of P. quinquefolium seed.

Fruit ; anatomy & histology ; growth & development ; Panax ; anatomy & histology ; growth & development ; Seeds ; anatomy & histology ; growth & development

OBJECTIVETo study the seeds dormancy release and physiological change of Thesium chinense.

METHODTo release dormancy, the seeds of T. chinense were treated with chemical reagent and stratification under 3-5 degrees C.

RESULTWhen washed with flowing water for 24 h, then soaked in 500 mg x L(-1) GA3 for 24 h, finally, treated with stratification method under 3-5 degrees C for 150 day, the split rate of T. chinense seeds reached 22%, crude fat decreased 50%, total sugar and dissolvability sugar increased 3-4 times, ABA decreased more than 90%, GA3 increased more than 5 times.

CONCLUSIONThe seeds dormancy of T. chinense can be released with the method of washing with flowing water for 24 h, then soaking in 500 mg x L(-1) GA3 for 24 h, finally, treated with stratification method under 3-5 degrees C for 150-180 day.

Abscisic Acid ; pharmacology ; Carbohydrates ; analysis ; Cold Temperature ; Fats ; analysis ; Germination ; physiology ; Gibberellins ; pharmacology ; Magnoliopsida ; drug effects ; physiology ; Plant Dormancy ; drug effects ; physiology ; Plant Growth Regulators ; pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal ; drug effects ; physiology ; Seeds ; drug effects ; physiology ; Time Factors ; Water ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo study species diversity and the host of Thesium chinense community.

METHODThe investigation on phytocoenology was carried out on the T. chinense community in 7 areas of Anhui Province and Jiangsu Province. The correlation between species diversity of community and T. chinense abundance was analyzed regarding to the abundance of species, the abundant index of species, species diversity index and community even index.

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONThe results showed that T. chinense liked light, warm climate, liked acidic to neuter soil. The majority of T. chinense distributed in the humid wasteland and herbaceous community. There was a positive correlation between the abundance of T. chinense and the unity numbers of community, and a negative correlation between the abundance of T. chinense and the abundance, coverage, diversity index, Pielou even index of community. T. chinense host species was various. This investigation found 28 host species belong to 11 Families, among them 5 Families and 18 species were found for the first time.

Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; Santalaceae ; classification ; physiology ; Soil ; analysis