Objective:To study the morphology of middle cerebral artery ( MCA ) M1 segment .Me-thods:We selected the MRA data of 794 MCA (400 of the left side and 394 of the right side ) from Ja-nuary 1, 2011 to June 30, 2011 consecutively and analyzed the morphology of the MCA M 1 segment in axial, anteroposterior and lateral view , measured the length of the M1 segment, and analyzed the simila-rity of the left and right side M1 segment morphology .Results:In axial, anteroposterior and lateral view , the MCA M1 segment showed C-shape >L-shape >S-shape .In axial view , it was about 373 ( 47%) M1 segment performance for the C-shape, of which 340 (42.8%) M1 segments showed bowing to the dorsal side, only 33 (4.2%) M1 segments showed bowing to the ventral side .In anteroposterior view, it was about 322 (40.6%) M1 segments of the performance of the C-shape, of which 262(33.0%) M1 segments showed a bowing to the superior , 60 (7.6%) showed bowing to the inferior .The similarity of the left and right MCA M1 segments was 27.2% (114/419) in axial view and 42.7% (179/419) in anteroposterior view.It was more similar in anteroposterior view than in axial view .Along with the increase of age, in the axial view, L-shape converted to C-shape very obviously, but only mildly elevated in S-shape .In anteroposterior view , the L-shape converted to the C-shape or S-shape along with the increase of age.Conclusion:The different morphology of MCA M1 segment in axial and anteroposterior view may be involved in the development of intracranial atherosclerosis .

A total of 13 mumps virus strains were isolated using Vero/Slam cell line from the patients' throat swabs and urines during mumps outbreaks and sporadics in liaoning Province from 2008 to 2011. Fragments of 316 nucleotides containing SH genes from 13 mumps virus isolates were amplified by RT-PCR, the PCR products were sequenced and analyzed. Based on the 316 nucleotides of SH gene, the phylogenetic trees were constructed with WHO mumps reference strains downloaded from GenBank and 13 mumps virus strains. It showed that the 12 mumps virus strains in 2008-2011 belonged to F genotype, nucleotide acids and amino acids similarities were 94.9%-100.0% and 83.3%-100.0%. Compared to the F reference strains, nucleotide acids and amino acids similarities were 92.4%-97.2% and 96.5% 84.2%, indicating that liaoning mumps strains had large genotype variation. Furthermore, compared to other genotype mumps strains, 6 nucleotides mutations (C(Nt65), C(Nt105), G(Nt137), C(Nt192), C(Nt239), G(NT262)) in SH gene were shared in all of liaoning F genotype mumps viruses. However these mutations were not found in other genotypes of mumps viruses. Conserved amino acids in SH protein of some liaoning mumps strains had changed (S to P at position 2 P to L at position 6 T to N at positon 23 L to P/R at position 48). The genotype specific triplet IML (at position 28-30) was changed to TMP in strain 2008-001-007 2011-015 s, nucleotide acids and amino acids similarities of strain 2008-001-07 were 87.5% and 79.8%, compared to F reference strains respectively, and 96.8% and 97.4% respectively compared to the G reference strains, in dicating strain 2008-001-07 belonged to G genotype,which was first found in mainland China.
Amino Acid Sequence ; China ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mumps ; epidemiology ; virology ; Mumps virus ; chemistry ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Mutation ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Viral Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; metabolism

A flavivirus, Culex flavivirus, was first isolated from Chinese mosquitoes with high sequences similarities to those of flaviviruses found in America and Japan. In this study, a total of 48 pools of field-collected mosquitoes were sampled from Dandong of Liaoning Province, China during July to September of 2011. Six isolated viruses showing cytopathic effect (CPE) in C6/C36 cells were tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)using Flavivirus genus--specific primers and Culex flavivirus-specific primers and the positive PCR-product was sequenced and compared with the sequences of 10 isolates from GenBank. Phylogenetic tree of NS5 and enevelop genes of flavivirus were constructed. The GenBank accession numbers of NS5 gene were JQ409188, JQ409186, JQ409187, JQ409191, JQ409189 and JQ409190. The GenBank accession numbers of envelope gene were JQ065883, JQ065882, JQ065881, JQ065879,JQ065877 and JQ065878.
Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; China ; Culex ; classification ; virology ; Flavivirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Insect Vectors ; virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Viral Proteins ; genetics

Objective To evaluate the homogeneity of the proficiency test samples to verify whether it meets the requirements of the comparison in international reference laboratory.Methods According to the Guidance on Evaluating the Homogeneity and Stability of Samples Used for Proficiency Testing (CNAS-GL03),14 biochemical indexes including ALT,AST,ALP,GGT,CK,LDH,TP,T-Bil,Urea,Cr,UA,Glu,TG and TC in the past three years (from 2014 to 2016)were tested by the Roche detection system Modular P800 Biochemical analyzer.The mean ((x)),standard deviation (s)and coefficient of variation (CV)of the samples were calculated.One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)was performed and the guideline of Ss ≤0.3σ was used to evaluate the between-bottle differences.Results The results showed that the CVs of AST in RELA 2014A and B were higher than 2.0％.The CVs of CK were over 2％ in all tests except for RELA 2016B.The results of ANOVA for RELA samples demonstrated that the F value of CK was over the critical value 4.39,which was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).The F values of the ALT and T-Bil in 2015B and the Cr in 2014A were also over 4.39 (P ＜ 0.05) respectively,while the F values of other measurements were less than the critical value of F,indicating there was no statistical significance (P ＞ 0.05).The CK measurement data Ss ＞ 0.3σ in all the samples by the guideline of Ss ≤ 0.3σ,suggesting that there was a between-bottle difference in CK.The other indexes were Ss ≤ 0.3σ,showing no between-bottle difference in those items.Conclusion There were significant differences between the bottles of the CK item in the past three years,and the homogeneity of all the other items in the samples could meet the requirements of Proficiency Testing for the international reference laboratory.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the dynamic changes that occur in T cell subsets, particularly involving the surface expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1), in response to pegylated (Peg)-interferon (IFN) a-2a therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.

METHODSTwenty-five patients with HCV genotype 1b chronic infection and 10 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. All the HCV patients received combination antiviral therapy of Peg-IFNa-2a (180 mug/week) plus ribavirin. At treatment weeks 0 (baseline), 4, 12, 24 and 48, the level of PD-1 protein expression on the surface of total peripheral CD8+ and CD4+ T cells was determined by flow cytometry and the level of PD-1 mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Independent student's t-test were used to compare mean values between the two groups, repeat measure variance analysis was used to compare mean values among multiple groups, and Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to assess correlation significance.

RESULTSOver the course of antiviral therapy, the proportions of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, as well as the CD4+/CD8+ ratio, increased (F = 81.23, 39.28, and 7.01 respectively; all P less than 0.01). In contrast, the PD-1 protein expression frequency on CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells significantly declined (F = 100.11 and 158.40 respectively; all P less than 0.01). The PD-1-mRNA expression level in PBMCs was: 1.40+/-0.26 at baseline, 1.30+/-0.27 at week-4, 1.14+/-0.18 at week-12, 1.06+/-0.26 at week-24, and 0.83+/-0.25 at week-48 (F = 20.09; P less than 0.01). A positive correlation existed between the PD-1 protein expression frequencies on CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells and the HCV RNA load detected at baseline (r = 0.82 and 0.75 respectively; all P less than 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe ability of Peg-IFN-a-2a-based antiviral therapy to suppress HCV replication may involve reduction of PD-1 protein expression on the surface of CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Antiviral Agents ; therapeutic use ; CD4-CD8 Ratio ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Hepatitis C, Chronic ; drug therapy ; immunology ; Humans ; Interferon-alpha ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polyethylene Glycols ; therapeutic use ; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor ; metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins ; therapeutic use ; Ribavirin ; therapeutic use ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets ; metabolism ; Young Adult

BACKGROUNDThere is no agreement as to whether intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes can reduce the incidence of macrovascular events in these patients. We performed a meta-analysis comparing intensive glucose control or conventional glucose control in randomized controlled trials.

METHODSDatabases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane controlled trials register, the Cochrane Library, and Science Citation Index were searched to find relevant trials. Outcome measures were the incidence of major macrovascular events.

RESULTSSix trials involving 28 065 patients were included. Analysis suggested that there was an obviously decreased incidence of major macrovascular events in patients having intensive glucose treatment vs. controls (RR 0.92; 95%CI 0.87, 0.98; P = 0.005). However, intensive glycemia control strategies in type 2 diabetes showed no significant impact on the incidence of death from any cause compared with conventional glycemia control strategies, intensive 14.7%, controls 12.0% (RR 0.95; 95%CI 0.80, 1.12; P = 0.55), as well as on the incidence of cardiovascular death, intensive 3.7%, controls 3.6% (RR 1.10, 95%CI 0.79, 1.53; P = 0.57).

CONCLUSIONSControl of glycemia to normal (or near normal levels) in type 2 diabetes appears to be effective in reducing the incidence of major macrovascular events, but there were no significant differences of either the mortality from any cause or from cardiovascular death between the two glycemia-control strategies.

Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; blood ; complications ; drug therapy ; mortality ; Diabetic Angiopathies ; prevention & control ; Glycated Hemoglobin A ; analysis ; Humans ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

Three mumps virus strains were isolated using Vero/Slam cell line from the patients' throat swabs and urines during mumps outbreaks and sporadic period in Liaoning province from 2008. Fragments of 1028 nucleotides including SH genes from 3 mumps virus isolates were amplified by RT-PCR, the PCR products were ligated into pMD19-T vector and cloned to JM109 cell. By blue-white selection, the positive white clones were sequenced and analyzed. Based on the 316 nucleotides of SH gene, the phylogenetic analyses were processed with WHO mumps reference strains downloaded from GenBank and 3 mumps viruses strains. It wan shown that the 3 mumps virus strains isolated in 2008 belonged to F genotype, 3 strains (LN-2008-001-06, LN-2008-001-07 and LN-2008-001-10) showed a nucleotide and amino acid similarity of 98.7%-100% and 94.7%-100% respectively. Two strains (LN-2008-001-06 and LN-2008-001-10) had the same sequence completely. Comparing to the F reference strains, the 3 mumps virus strains' nucleotide and amino acid similarity of 92.4%-96.2% and 84.2%-94.7% respectively. Due to the limited strain numbers, whether the F genotype was the predominant circulating genotype can not be determined. The surveillance on the mumps virus in Liaoning should be therefore strengthened.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mumps ; epidemiology ; virology ; Mumps virus ; chemistry ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Alignment ; Viral Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics

OBJECTIVEThe ventral part of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays an important role in initiation and control of voluntary movement, mood and cognition. However, after the degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway, the neuronal activity of the ventral mPFC and the role of serotonin(1A) (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT(1A)) receptors in the firing of the neurons are still unknown. The present study is to investigate the change of neuronal activity in the ventral mPFC and the effect of systemic administration of the selective 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist WAY-100635 on the activity of the neurons in normal and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats.

METHODSSingle unit responses were recorded extracellularly with glass microelectrodes from ventral mPFC neurons in normal rats and 6-OHDA unilaterally lesioned rats in vivo.

RESULTS6-OHDA lesion of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) significantly increased the firing rate with no change in the firing pattern of neurons of the ventral mPFC in rats. Systemic administration of WAY-100635 (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.) did not change the mean firing rate and firing pattern of ventral mPFC neurons in normal rats. In contrast, WAY-100635 significantly decreased the mean firing rate of the neurons in rats with 6-OHDA lesion of the SNc.

CONCLUSIONThese data suggest that the degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway results in an increase of neuronal activity of ventral mPFC and dysfunction of 5-HT(1A) receptor.

Action Potentials ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Male ; Neostriatum ; physiology ; Neural Pathways ; drug effects ; physiology ; physiopathology ; Neurons ; drug effects ; physiology ; Parkinson Disease ; physiopathology ; Piperazines ; pharmacology ; Prefrontal Cortex ; cytology ; drug effects ; physiology ; Pyridines ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A ; metabolism ; Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Antagonists ; Serotonin Antagonists ; pharmacology ; Substantia Nigra ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the pre- and post-chemotherapy expression levels of Th1 and Th2 type cytokines in peripheral blood CD4(+) T lymphocytes, the changes of Th1/Th2 ratio and their clinical significance in patients with gastric cancer.

METHODSThe levels of specific cytokines in 60 gastric cancer patients were detected by flow cytometry before and after chemotherapy with FOLFOX4.

RESULTSThe level of IFN-gamma from peripheral blood CD4(+) T lymphocytes after chemotherapy in the whole group of gastric cancer patients was 11.4% +/- 5.0%, significantly higher than that (9.5% +/- 3.4%) before chemotherapy (P < 0.05). The level of IL-10 after chemotherapy was 3.6% +/- 1.2%, significantly lower than that (4.2% +/- 1.8%) before chemotherapy (P < 0.05). The ratio of Th1/Th2 (IFN-gamma/IL-4) after chemotherapy was 3.4 +/- 1.0 versus 3.4 +/- 1.6 before chemotherapy, without significant difference (P > 0.05). Interestingly, the levels of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha of peripheral blood CD4(+) T lymphocytes in 15 gastric cancer patients who achieved partial response (PR) after chemotherapy were 14.8% +/- 8.0% and 5.9% +/- 2.0%, respectively, both were higher than that (6.9% +/- 2.5% and 4.2% +/- 1.3%) before chemotherapy (both P < 0.05). Furthermore, the ratio of Th1/Th2 (IFN-gamma/IL-4) after chemotherapy was 4.0 +/- 1.5, significantly higher than 2.5 +/- 1.2 before chemotherapy (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONEffective chemotherapy may reduce the tumor burden and relieve the shift of Th1/Th2 ratio. Improvement in immune function may be a very important therapeutic measure due to poor response of chemotherapy in gastric cancer patients.

Adult ; Aged ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; therapeutic use ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; immunology ; Female ; Fluorouracil ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma ; blood ; Interleukin-10 ; blood ; Interleukin-4 ; blood ; Leucovorin ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Organoplatinum Compounds ; therapeutic use ; Remission Induction ; Stomach Neoplasms ; blood ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Th1 Cells ; immunology ; Th2 Cells ; immunology ; Tumor Burden ; drug effects ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; blood

Objective To investigate the geographic distribution panem of patients with anorectal atresia/stenosis in China.in order to provide clue for research on its etiology.Methods Data were collected from Chinese Birth Defects Monitoring Network(CBDMN),which was a hospital-based congenital malformations registry system.From 2001 to 2005,all fetuses with more than 28 weeks of gestation and neonates up to 7 days of age,were monitored.Two-dimensional graphic cluster method was used to divide monitoring stations into difierent classes with the incidence rates of anorectal atresia/stenosis.Results The overall incidence of anorectal atresia/stenosis was 3.17 per 10000 during 2001 to 2005.The incidence was higher in Eastern than that in Mid or Western paas of China and tbe difierence was statistically significant(z=2.50,3.69;P=0.012,＜0.001).The monitoring stations were grouped into 6 classes.Class I was with Helongjiang,Jilin and Liaoling;Class Ⅱ was with Fujian,Guangdong,Hainan,Guangxi,and South Hunan and Jiangxi;ClassⅢwas with Beijing,Tianjin,Hebei,Shandong,and Noah Jiangsu and Anhui;Class Ⅳ was with Zhejiang,Shanghai,South Anhui and Jiangsu,Noah Hunan and Jiangxi,Hubei,Henan,Shanxi and Inner Mongolia,Class V was with Ningxia,Gansu and Qinghai;and Class Ⅳ was with Shaanxi,Sichuan,Chongqing,Yunnan,Guizhou.Xinjiang and Tibet.Conclusion Our findings discovered the geographic distribution patterns of patients with anorectal atresia/stenosis in China.It is important to further analyze the relevant environmental factors attached to it so a beRer regional monitoring system for anorectal atresia/stenosis can be operated.