The concept and important role of associative memory neural network are introduced.The development of associative memory neural network is also summarized along with other neural networks such as the Hopfield neural network,the neural network composed of FitzHugh-Nagumo neuron model,the neural network composed of Hodgkin-Huxley neuron model.

Most epidemiological investigations and basic studies have demonstrated that estrogen has neuroprotective effects,and the application of estrogen in cerebrovascular disease has a positive attitude.However,large clinical trials of the application of estrogen have indicated that harms outweigh benefits,and even have the risks of stroke.This article reviews the related studies about the neuroprotective effects of estrogen from the positive and negative aspects.

Objective To study the signal pathway of apoptosis of renal proximal tubular cells (RPTC) caused by cisplatin for prevention of toxic effects of cisplatin on kidney. Methods pcDNA3.1/Hygromycin vector and pEGFP-C3 vector including Bcl-2(Bcl-acta,Bcl-cb5 and Bcl-nt) were co-transfected in RPTC.After treated with cisplatin, Bax was activated,cytochrom C release and apoptosis were analyzed with confocal microscope and immunofluoresence technique. Apoptotic cells stained with Hoechst33258 were also counted and statistically analyzed. Results The percent of cytochrom C release (35.74%) in Bcl-cb5 transfected group was higher than those in Bcl-nt group (18.7%) and Bcl-acta group(24.6%)(P

Stage Ⅲ A non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has high heterogeneity and there are some controversies over the treatment of this disease,especially for patients with stage ⅢA-N2 NSCLC.This article investigates whether preoperative or postoperative radiotherapy can improve the survival of patients with stage ⅢA-N2 NSCLC and evaluates the effect of surgical treatment.

To investigate the role of ERC,6 gene in the growth rate and antifungal susceptibility,Aspergillus fumigatus strain with extra copies of ERG6 gene was constructed.Open reading frame (ORF) of putative ERG6 gene was searched in A.fumigatus genome.A PCR fragment, ERG6 ORF sandwiched by its flanking sequences (about 1 kb respectively),was amplified and was then subcloned into vector pRG-AMA1- NotI to produce a recombinant plasmid pERG6,which was further transformed into uracil auxotroph A.fumigatus strain AF293.1 to produce the transformant AF-pERG6.In the same time,empty plasmid pRG-AMA1-NotI was also transformed into A.fumigatus strain AF293.1 to produce the transformant AF-empty as a control.Radial growth of the transformants was tested on minimal medium (MM) and YAG medi- um.Antifungal susceptibilities of these resahing transformants,AF-pERG6 and AF-empty,to the common antifungal agents were performed by using both disk diffusion and broth microdillution methods.A.fumigatus genome contains a ERG6 gene,of which the ORF size is 1 256 bp.Comparing to Candida albicans and Sacchromyces cerivisiae sterol methyltransferase,A.fumigatus Erg6p had 57% and 50% identity, and had 70% and 63% similarity in amino acid sequences,respectively.Radial growth of transformant AF-pERG6 was slower than that of transformant AF-empty.The antifungal susceptibilties of transformant AF-pERG6 to the antifungal drugs itraconazole,voriconazole,terbin- aline,amphotericin B,caspofungin and grisefolvin were same to that of transformant AF-empty.In A.fumigatus,extra copies of ERG6 gene have no effect on antifungal susceptibilities to itraconazole,voriconazole,terbinafine,amphotericin B,caspofungin and grisefolvin.Radial growth of A.fumigatus harboring extra copies of ERG6 gene becomes slower compared to the control.

Objective To determine the key points in surgical treatment of Mirizzi syndrome in the olderlys. Methods Clinical data of 12 cases of Mirizzi syndrome treated in our hospital from 1995 to 2004 were retrospectively analyzed. Results Only 6 cases were definitely diagnosed by ERCP and ultrasounography before operations. Three cases were treated with cholecystectomy, 7 cases with cholecystectomy and T-tube drainage of common bile duct, 2 cases with cholecystectomy and Roux-Y hepaticojejunostomy. Conclusions It is still difficult to diagnose Mirizzi syndrome preoperatively. Appropriate operative patterns should be selected according to different types of Mirizzi syndrome.No patient death during operations.The patients were followed 1-10 years, average was 3.2 years. No bile duct stricture was found.

ObjectiveTo compare the mRNA and protein expression levels ofγ-aminobutyric acid receptor B2 ( GABABR2 ) in brain regions of male rats with high level aggressive behaviors and low level aggressive behaviors respectively,and provide clues for exploring mechanism of GABA in aggressive behaviors.MethodsWistar male rats were randomly divided into two groups:the normal group and the aggressive behavior group.Then social isolation and resident intruder stresses were used to establish high level and low level aggressive behavior in the aggressive behavior group.The mRNA and protein level of GABABR2 in parietal cortex,prefrontal cortex,hypothalamus and hippocampus of the three groups rats ( n=10 in each group) were detected using RT-PCR and Western blot respectively.ResultsThe GABABRB22 RT-PCR/Western blot relative integrated optical density of parietal cortex,prefrontal cortex,hypothalamus and hippocampus in the normal group rats respectively were.Those of the above four brain regions in high aggressive behavior group rats respectively were ( 0.507 ± 0.049/0.626 ±0.038 ),(0.609 ± 0.049/0.652 ± 0.010 ),( 0.359 ± 0.030/0.731 ± 0.044 ) and ( 0.296 ± 0.054/0.452 ±0.079) were significantly lower (P＜0.05) compared with the normal group rats.In the low aggressive behavior group rats,the GABABRB2 RT-PCR/Western blot relative integrated optical density of parietal cortex and hippocampus increased statistically(P＜ 0.05 ),while those of prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus decreased obviously (P ＜ 0.05 ).all in comparison with the normal group rats.Conclusion Different expression levels of GABABR2 in parietal cortex,prefrontal cortex,hypothalamus and hippocampus are relative to aggressive behaviors,which might be one of the mechanism for GABA in aggressive behaviors.

Objective This paper aimed to evaluate the effect of preoperative embolization on the intraoperative blood loss of sacrum chordoma.Methods forty patients involved with the spinal chordoma were retrospectively analyzed in this study.The preoperative embolization group consisted of 16 sacrum chordoma patients were embolizationed by gelatin sponge particles (10 male and6 female)age from 35 to 71 years old,(mean 57.9 years) ; and the control group consisted of 4 sacrum chordoma patients (3 male and 1 female),age from 43 to 61 years old(mean 51.8 years).analyzed the predictive value of preoperative embolization in correlation with the intraoperative blood loss.Results The mean blood loss (2025.0 ±818.5)ml of sacrum chordoma in the preoperative embolization group was insignificantly than that (1950.0 ± 802.1) ml in the control group,(P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The study shows that the preoperative feeding artery embolization of the spinal tumor has no significant effect on the intraoperative blood loss in the surgical excision of the sacrum chordoma.

ObjectiveTo investigate the therapentic effect and safety by use of Metoprolol to control patients ,heart rate in off-pump coronary artery bypass graft (OPCAB). MethodsAnalyse the dates of 40 OPCABG patients in anesthetic stage. ResultsIn all of the cases,when patients were treated with venous injection of Metoprolol, the heat rate obviously decreased 1 minutes later( P ＜ 0.01 ). the heat rate decreased significant to( 69.2 ± 10. 8)times/min 3 minutes later, Compared to the heat rate ( 85.1 ± 13.5) times/min of pretherapy there was statistical significance. the heat rate decreased to nadir(63.0 ± 6.2) times/min 10 minutes later. While it raised gradnally 30 minutes later,but patients'heat rate nulli-exceed. it of pretherapy. On post-treatment of 3min、5min、 10min、30min, The MAP nulli-genic marked change. ConclusionMetoprolol could control effectively patients,heat rate in OPCAB and keep hemodynamics stable.

BACKGROUND:Endothelial progenitor cel s, known as the precursor cel s of mature endothelial cel s, have the function of neovascularization and neoendothelialization. Therefore, endothelial progenitor cel s have potential applicability in many fields. Endothelial progenitor cel s can be isolated and cultured from different resources with different methods, but the biological properties and identification of endothelial progenitor cel s stil have controversies.
OBJECTIVE:To explore the methods of isolation and culture of endothelial progenitor cel s from the human peripheral blood and to identify the biological features of endothelial progenitor cel s.
METHODS:Mononuclear cel s were isolated from the human peripheral blood using density gradient centrifugation, and the cel s were resuspended in endothelial basal medium-2 supplemented with the EGM-2-MV-SingleQuots. Then, the cel s were inoculated in human fibronectin-coated culture flasks and cultured in EBM-2MV medium. The morphology of endothelial progenitor cel s was observed. The proliferation potential and surface markers of endothelial progenitor cel s were characterized careful y. Furthermore, the functional properties such as nitric oxide release and tube formation on Matrigel were also evaluated.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:While adherent cel s maintained, spindle-shaped cel s formed a cel cluster after 6-7 days. Then, adherent cel s developed to endothelial progenitor cel s with a cobblestone appearance after 2-3 weeks. The endothelial progenitor cel s were confluent with an outgrowth appearance. Endothelial progenitor cel s had a higher proliferation potential compared with human aortic endothelial cel s under the same culture condition. Endothelial progenitor cel s expressed CD31, CD34, CD144 and KDR, displaying an obvious endothelial phenotype. Endothelial progenitor cel s were also found to uptake DiL-acLDL and exhibit lectin binding capability. Furthermore, endothelial progenitor cel s were able to form capil ary tubes on Matrigel and had the ability to release nitric oxide. Therefore, endothelial progenitor cel s can be obtained from the human peripheral blood by density gradient centrifugation and adherent culture. A combining method for the identification of endothelial progenitor cel s should be recommended.