The psychoactive properties of cannabinoids are well known,and there are controversies over whether cannabinoids can be used for therapeutic purposes worldwide.Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol(THC)is the main psychoactive substance in cannabis.The neurological mechanisms of THC were only recently discovered,and its neurological mechanism of action is still not fully understood.The blood-brain barrier(BBB)is a very important structure protecting the brain and is the first line of defense preventing foreign substances from entering the brain.THC's lipophilic nature and its interaction with the endocannabinoid system make it more likely to act on the BBB.In this paper,we review the neurotoxic effects of THC,focusing on its effect and mechanism of action on the BBB,and provide a theoretical basis for studies elucidating the neural mechanism of THC.

Objective:To investigate the current status and temporal trend of probability of premature death, caused by four major non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Anhui province, from 2014 to 2018, and to explore the possibility of achieving the goal of "Healthy China 2030".Methods:Data of death were collected from the "Information System for Death Cause Register and Management". The mortality, standardized mortality, premature mortality rate and annual percentage change (APC) were calculated. Based on the reduction target of "Healthy China 2030"(-30%) and "Healthy Anhui 2030"(-25%) for premature death probability of four major NCDs, the possibility of achieving the target was evaluated.Results:From 2014 to 2018, the proportion of four major NCDs deaths to total deaths increased from 82.76% to 84.77%, showing an upward trend(APC=0.50%). The standardized mortality rate of four major NCDs in the population aged 30-69 years was decreasing annually (APC=-1.78%). The premature death probability of four major NCDs decreased from 15.53% to 14.43% with a downward trend. The decline rate of men (APC=-1.80%) was slightly lower than that of women (APC =-2.00%). The decline rate of urban (APC=-1.57%) and rural (APC=-1.99%), Northern Anhui (APC=-2.32%) and Central Anhui (APC=-1.81%) areas were all showed a downward trend. The premature death probability in the same year was higher in men, rural areas and northern Anhui areas. The decrease of chronic respiratory diseases was the greatest (APC=-9.19%), followed by cancer (APC=-1.77%), but increased in diabetes for men (APC=-2.90%). According to the average growth rate of premature death probability from 2014 to 2018, it was predicted that the goal of healthy Anhui would be achieved by 2030. However, to achieve the goal of healthy China, the rate of decline needs to be increased by 26.40% on the existing basis. Comparing to the proportion, the descent speed needs to be increased between different genders, urban and rural areas and regions. Conclusions:The premature death probability of four major NCDs in Anhui province has a continuous downward trend. Men, rural residents and residents in northern Anhui province are the key population. We should carry out intervention against the main risk factors of NCDs, reduce the premature mortality rate of NCDs, and strive to achieve the goal of "Healthy China 2030".

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome(MS) among adult residents with different characteristics and the relationship between serum uric acid(SUA) level and MS using the data of Chinese Adult Chronic Diseases and Nutrition Surveillance(2018) program in Anhui.Methods:Multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling was used to select participants aged 18 and over for questionnaires, physical measurements, and laboratory tests. The complex weighted method was used to estimate the prevalence of MS among residents with different characteristics. Logistic regression model based on complex sampling data was used to analyze the relationship between SUA and MS. Receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve was used to evaluate the reliability of SUA in diagnosing MS and determine the optimal cutoff point.Results:A total of 7 182 participants were included and the prevalence of MS among adult residents was 29.46%. The prevalence of MS was higher in females(33.76%) than that in males(25.28%), and the difference was statistically significant( P<0.05). After adjusting for other factors, for every 10 μmol/L increase in SUA, the risk of MS increased by 4% in males( OR=1.040, 95% CI 1.019-1.061) and 7% in females( OR=1.070, 95% CI 1.059-1.082). The area under the curve(AUC) for SUA in diagnosing MS was 0.816(95% CI 0.806-0.826), with a sensitivity of 0.761 and specificity of 0.727. The optimal cutoff point for SUA was 450 μmol/L. Conclusion:The prevalence of MS among adult residents in Anhui Province is 29.46%. SUA is a risk factor for MS, and increasing SUA level indicated a higher risk of MS. The optimal cutoff value of SUA may be helpful in diagnosing MS.

Objective:To analyze and predict the future trend of the premature mortality of major chronic and non-communicable diseases in Anhui Province, evaluate the implementation of the "Healthy China 2030" Plan, and explore its influencing factors.Methods:Using data from death-cause surveillance and statistical yearbooks in Anhui, the trend prediction and analysis on influencing factors were conducted by using methods such as time series accumulation and logarithmic linear Joinpoint regression, principal component regression.Results:In Anhui, 28.10% of the deaths were premature ones, of which 84.40% were attributed to chronic and non-communicable diseases. In premature deaths attributed to chronic and non-communicable diseases, the deaths caused by malignant tumor and cardiovascular disease accounted for 45.88% and 41.65% respectively. The prediction results showed that the premature mortality of major chronic and non-communicable diseases would decrease in Anhui in the future, and by 2030, the goal in the "Healthy China 2030" Plan would be reached only in rural area. To reduce premature death, it is necessary to pay attention to the prevention and control of malignant tumor and cardiovascular disease. Men in urban area are the key population. Factors that reflect urban infrastructure had a significant impact on premature mortality of major chronic non-communicable diseases, such as garden and green space area per capita. Factors such as concentration of PM 2.5 had a negative impact on premature mortality of chronic non-communicable diseases, while factors such as garden and green space area per capita had a positive impact. Conclusions:Disease burden caused by chronic and non-communicable diseases, such as malignant tumor, exits in Anhui. Men in urban area are key population in the prevention and control of chronic and non-communicable diseases in the future.

Mitophagy is a process whereby cells selectively remove mitochondria through the mechanism of autophagy, which plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. In order to explore the effect of mitophagy genes on the antioxidant activities of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mutants with deletion or overexpression of mitophagy genes ATG8, ATG11 and ATG32 were constructed respectively. The results indicated that overexpression of ATG8 and ATG11 genes significantly reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content upon H₂O₂ stress for 6 h, which were 61.23% and 46.35% of the initial state, respectively. Notable, overexpression of ATG8 and ATG11 genes significantly increased the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATP content, which were helpful to improve the antioxidant activities of the strains. On the other hand, deletion of ATG8, ATG11 and ATG32 caused mitochondrial damage and significantly decreased cell vitality, and caused the imbalance of intracellular ROS. The intracellular ROS content significantly increased to 174.27%, 128.68%, 200.92% of the initial state, respectively, upon H₂O₂ stress for 6 h. The results showed that ATG8, ATG11 and ATG32 might be potential targets for regulating the antioxidant properties of yeast, providing a new clue for further research.
Mitophagy/genetics* ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics* ; Antioxidants ; Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology* ; Reactive Oxygen Species