Objective To explore the causes and treatment for cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) leak after microsurgical removal of vestibular schwannomas(VS) with the suboccipital retrosigmoid approach.Methods A retrospective study was accomplished on 258 patients with VS operated through the suboccipital retrosigmoidal approach from Jan 1994 to Aug 2003.After operation,cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea occurred in 19 cases and subcutaneous retroauricular CSF leak occurred in 5 cases.Results In 14 cases the CSF leak was stopped after treatment by external lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage(CELCFD).Six patients were operated again with sealing the internal acoustic meatus and the mastoid cells with fibrin glue and muscle.The patients were followed up for 14 months to 8 years after treatment,and there was no recurrence of CSF leak or delayed onset meningitis.Conclusion CSF leak was the common complication after vestibular schwannoma removal and the most common reason was the drilled posterior wall of the internal acoustic meatus with opening of the mastoid cells.The closure of petrous air cells was very important to prevent its postoperative CSF leak.Most of the patients were successfully treated by external lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage and only a few cases needed revision surgery.

This paper reported one patient who was treated through transphenoidal-upslope approach by lateral rhinotomy and the tumor was successfully removed. The patient was male of 38 years old. He suffered intermittent headache with blurred vision and left eye outreach disorder for more than a year. The visual inspection showed there was dark area of the left eye lateral. CT showed slopes density placeholder and bone window showed the slope of bone quality had been severely damaged. MRI showed T1 image slopes parts and other low signal placeholder forward to invade the sphenoid sinus. In addition, there was undermine the slope bone and brain stem boundaries clearly and T2 images showed high-signal, inhomogeneous enhancement. We found during the operation that the slope was partially destroyed and part of the tumor was prominent to the pharynx tumor. The pathologic examination confirmed that it is chordoma.
Adult ; Chordoma ; surgery ; Cranial Fossa, Posterior ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Microsurgery ; methods ; Skull Base Neoplasms ; surgery ; Sphenoid Bone ; surgery

Objective To investigate clinical features,diagnosis,clearance strategies and prognosis of intracranial foreign bodies.Methods Twenty patients with intracranial foreign bodies were analyzed retrospectively,together with review of the related literatures.Results Twenty patients underwent craniotomy for intracranial foreign body removal under guidance of preoperative CT and X-ray localizations and intraoperative C-arm X-ray machine and ultrasound localizations.A total of 35 foreign bodies were removed.One patient underwent second surgical resection after the incomplete removal due to displacement of intracranial foreign bodies.According to Glasgow outcome score (GOS) at discharge,the outcomes were good (GOS =4-5 points) in 16 patients,poor (GOS =2-3 points) in three and death (GOS =1 point) in one.Conclusions CT and X-ray locations before surgery and C-ann X-ray machine and ultrasound locations in operation avail the removal of foreign bodies by craniotomy.In the meantime,prognosis is satisfactory.

Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor. Despite large-scale researches have been carried out, the prognosis of glioblastoma is still not significantly improved. In recent years, with the application of multi-omics studies in glioblastoma, the understanding of glioblastoma has been deepened. The classification of glioblastoma has been revised; moreover, new therapeutic methods such as targeted therapy, immunotherapy and tumor treating fields have been developed on the basis of the standard therapy. This article reviews the recent progress in the diagnosis and treatment of glioblastoma.

Objective:To identify effective biomarkers for glioma patients.Methods:The mRNA expression profiles of 464 glioma patients with complete clinical follow-up information were downloaded from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA). Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify gene modules related to World Health Organization (WHO) grading of glioma, and univariate and multivatiate Cox regression analysis were performed to identify gliomas survival-related genes.Results:In weighted gene co-expression analysis, the module Brown was significantly positively correlated with glioma WHO stage ( r=0.55, P<0.05). In univariate analysis, five genes (TAGLN2, IGFBP2, METTL7B, ARAP3, PLAT) that were most significantly associated with clinical prognosis were selected for multivariate survival analysis, and the prognosis model was established to calculate the risk score. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) confirmed that the risk score had high accuracy in predicting the 1-, 3-, 5-year survival rate of glioma patients. The above survival analysis results were verified in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Conclusions:We use mRNA expression profiles to establish prognostic markers for gliomas to assess the overall survival of patients with glioma.

PURPOSE: Cancer stem cells have recently been thought to be closely related to tumor development and reoccurrence. It may be a promising way to cure malignant glioma by using glioma stem cell-targeted dendritic cells as a tumor vaccine. In this study, we explored whether pulsing dendritic cells with antigens of glioma stem cells was a potent way to induce specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and anti-tumor immunity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cancer stem cells were cultured from glioma cell line U251. Lysate of glioma stem cells was obtained by the repeated freezing and thawing method. Dendritic cells (DCs) were induced and cultured from the murine bone marrow cells, the biological characteristics were detected by electron microscope and flow cytometry. The DC vaccine was obtained by mixing DCs with lysate of glioma stem cells. The DC vaccine was charactirizated through the mixed lymphocyte responses and cell killing experiment in vitro. Level of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in the supernatant was checked by ELISA. RESULTS: After stimulation of lysate of glioma stem cell, expression of surface molecules of DC was up-regulated, including CD80, CD86, CD11C and MHC-II. DCs pulsed with lysate of glioma stem cells were more effective than the control group in stimulating original glioma cells-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes responses, killing glioma cells and boosting the secretion of IFN-gamma in vitro. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated DCs loaded with antigens derived from glioma stem cells can effectively stimulate naive T cells to form specific cytotoxic T cells, kill glioma cells cultured in vitro.
Animals ; Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology ; Apoptosis ; Brain Neoplasms/*therapy ; Cancer Vaccines/*therapeutic use ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; Dendritic Cells/*cytology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Flow Cytometry ; Glioma/*therapy ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Neoplastic Stem Cells/*cytology ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology

PURPOSE: Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (LRIG1) are an inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that was discovered in recent years, and many studies showed that LRIG1 is a tumor suppressor gene and may be related to tumor drug resistance. In this study, we explored whether LRIG1 protein expression can improve the chemosensitivity of glioma cells and what was its mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We collected 93 cases of glioma tissues and detected the expression of LRIG1 and BCL-2. We constructed a multidrug resistance cell line U251/multidrug resistance (MDR) and examined the change of LRIG1 and BCL-2 at mRNA and protein expression levels. LRIG1 expression was upregulated in U251/MDR cells and we detected the change of multidrug resistance. Meanwhile, we changed the expression of LRIG1 and BCL-2 and explored the relationship between LRIG1 and BCL-2. Finally, we also explored the relationship between LRIG1 and RTKs. RESULTS: LRIG1 was negatively correlated with BCL-2 expression in glioma tissue and U251/MDR cells, and upregulation of LRIG1 can enhance chemosensitivity and inhibit BCL-2 expression. Furthermore, LRIG1 was negatively correlated with RTKs in U251/MDR cells. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated that LRIG1 can improve chemosensitivity by modulating BCL-2 expression and RTK signaling in glioma cells.
Astrocytoma/drug therapy/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics/*physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Glioma/drug therapy/*metabolism ; Humans ; Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism/*physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/*metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism

Objective To explore the predictive value of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) secondary to mild,moderate craniocerebral injury.Methods Seventy-six patients with mild,moderate craniocerebral injury,admitted to our hospital from March 19,2014 to September 1,2015,were chosen in our study;16 of them had secondary MCI during follow up (experimental group) and 60 did not show cognitive dysfunction (control group).Their clinical data between the two groups were compared.The predictive value of different NSE levels for secondary MCI was analyzed.Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the risk of secondary MCI in patients with different NSE levels.Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the influence of mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scores in cognitive level of secondary MCI patients.Results (1) There were significant differences in age,salvage time,proportion of hypertension,ratio of skull fracture,injury severity scale (ISS) scores and total cholesterol (TC) between the experimental group and control group (P＜0.05).(2) A lowest quartile group,second quartile group,third quartile group and highest quartile group were divided using NSE levels as independent variables (9.31 ng/mL-12.08 ng/mL,12.09 ng/mL-15.68 ng/mL,15.69 ng/mL-19.65 ng/mL and 19.66 ng/mL-23.47 ng/mL);following the increase of NSE levels,the age,salvage time,proportion of hypertension,and ISS scores were significantly increased (P＜0.05);Single-factor and multivariate Logistic regression analyses showed that the risk of secondary MCI in the highest quartile group was 1.42 and 1.21 folds,respectively,as compared with that in the lowest quartile group.(3) Multiple linear regression analysis showed that baseline NSE level,age,salvage time,and ISS scores were the nfluence factors of MMSE scores in patients with secondary MCI;when the NSE content increased 1 ng/mL,MMSE decreased 0.369 points.Conclusion NSE level in patients with traumatic brain injury is an independent risk factor for secondary MCI,and its level is significantly associated with cognitive impairment.

Objective:To investigate the effects of over-expression of E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1) on proliferation, invasion, apoptosis and radiosensitivity of glioma cell U251.Methods:Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) were used to detect the differential expression of E2F1 mRNA in glioma cells LN18, SW1088, U251 and normal brain glial cells. The stable over-expression of E2F1 plasmid was constructed and transfected into U251 cells. qRT-PCR and Western blot test were used to detect the expression of E2F1, pituitary tumor transforming gene 1(PTTG1), C-Myc, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl2-associated X (Bax) mRNA and protein expression in the control group and E2F1 over-expression group.U251 cells were divided into control group(no X-ray irradiation), irradiation group(6 Gy dose of X-ray), and irradiation + E2F1 over-expression group(transfected with E2F1 first, then irradiated by 6 Gy of X-ray). Cell proliferation ability was detected by cell counting Kit-8(CCK-8) cell viability detection reagent, and cell invasion and migration ability were detected by Transwell chamber. Apoptosis and cell cycle were detected by flow cytometry.GraphPad Prism 8.0 was used for data analysis.The statistical methods were one-way ANOVA and independent sample t-test. Results:qRT-PCR showed that there was statistical difference in the mRNA levels of E2F1( F=201.92, P<0.05) in different cell lines.The expression levels of E2F1 mRNA in LN18(4.04±0.29), SW1088(3.19±0.16)and U251(4.66±0.20) cells were higher than those in HEB(1.02±0.07)cells ( q=27.00, 19.40, 32.52, all P<0.05). After successfully constructing U251 cells with stable over-expression of E2F1 plasmid, qRT-PCR and Western blot detection results showed that: the mRNA and protein levels of E2F1, PTTG1, C-Myc and Bcl-2 in E2F1 over-expression group were higher than those in control group ( t=77.16, 57.88, 4.63, 51.13, 7.50, 70.85, 8.38, 48.81, all P<0.05). Bax mRNA(0.20±0.01) and protein(0.66±0.01) levels were lower than those in control group((1.00±0.02), (0.94±0.01)), and the differences were statistically significant ( t=1.74, 54.65, both P<0.05). After X-ray irradiation (6 Gy), CCK8 detection results showed: the proliferation ability of the three groups at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h were significantly different ( F=95.41, 187.53, 1 158.49, 7 883.78, all P<0.05). The proliferation capacity of the irradiation group were lower than those of the control group at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h ( q=19.51, 27.20, 66.60, 174.9, all P<0.05). The proliferation capacity of irradiation + E2F1 over-expression group at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h were higher than those of irradiation group ( q=10.63, 10.81, 21.11, 60.90, all P<0.05). Transwell assay results showed that there were significant differences in cell invasion and migration ability among the three groups ( F=315.38, 681.10, both P<0.05). The invasion and migration ability of cells in the irradiation group were lower than those in the control group ( q=35.09, 12.76, both P<0.05), and the invasion and migration ability of cells in the irradiation + E2F1 over-expression group were higher than those in the irradiation group ( q=52.06, 22.81, both P<0.05). Flow cytometry showed that there were significant differences in apoptosis rate and percentage of cells in each cycle among the three groups ( F=667.63, 3 213.30, 3 011.26, 861.98, all P<0.05). The percentage of the apoptosis rate, S phase and G2 phase cells in the irradiation group were higher than those in the control group ( q=51.10, 89.39, 51.82, all P<0.05), while the percentage of G1 phase cells in the irradiation group was lower than that in the control group ( q=141.2, P<0.05). The apoptosis rate and percentage of S phase and G2 phase cells in the irradiation + E2F1 over-expression group were lower than those in the irradiation group ( q=18.87, 41.42, 29.31, all P<0.05), while the number of G1 phase cells in the irradiation + E2F1 over-expression group was lower than that in the irradiation group ( q=70.73, P<0.05). Conclusion:Over-expression of E2F1 can reduce the radiosensitivity of glioma U251 cells by regulating the expression of mRNA and protein of genes related to cell cycle and apoptosis, and E2F1 may be involved in the radioresistance of glioma cells.