Objective To observe the influence of diabetes educationon the treatment compliance and quality of life (QOL) of diabetics and to find out the influencing factors of diabetics' QOL. Methods This study applied the questionnaire of compliance and the SF-36 to make an investigation on diabetics. Ninety diabetics who participated in the course of diabetes education during the period from October 2008 to March 2009, and 205 diabetics who were seen in the first affiliated hospital of China Medical Universitybut never participated in the course of diabetes education during the period from September to October of 2008. By comparing the data with control group and using self-paired comparison, the influence of diabetes education on the treatment compliance and the QOL of diabetics was studied. The factors influencing the QOL of each dimension were analyzed by means of single or multiple regressions. Results The treatment compliance of patients was improved with the number of times that these patients participated diabetes education was increased (P<0.05). The treatment compliance of the patients in hospital who had not participated in diabetes education was improved temporarily. However, 2 weeks after these patients were discharged the treatment compliance of these patients had began to decline. The treatment compliance would be declined if patients discontinued participating education for a long time. After 24 weeks intevention, the total score of compliance of intervention group (42.44±4.10) was higher than control group (35.60±3.90), and also higher than the intervention group before intervention (34.56 ± 4.34) (all P<0.01). The scores of 5 dimensions were significantly different (P<0.05 or 0.01). Of 8 dimensions of intervention group, the scores of vitality, social functioning, role-emotional and mental health were all increased after intervention, with significant differences except for role-emotional (P<0.05). The mental health index of patients with long-term health education was increased to a certain degree. Conclusion Long-term health education plays an active role in treatment. Insisting on taking part in health education regularly can improve the quantity of mental health.

Objective To identify the related factors of PICC malposition.Methods The domestic published literature about the related factors of PICC malposition were collected from 2001 to 2014.Analysis of heterogeneity was performed and cumulative effects were calculated using either fixed or random effects models by RevMan 5.0.Results The incidence of PICC malposition in patients with median cubital vein or cephalic vein was obviously higher than that in patients with basilic vein,the incidence of PICC malposition in patients with cephalic vein was significantly higher than that in patients with median cubital vein; the incidence of PICC malposition in patients with recumbent position was significantly higher than that in patients with seat position; the incidence of PICC malposition in the older than sixty years patients was significantly higher than that in younger than sixty years patients; the incidence of PICC malposition in male and female patients was not discrepant.Conclusions The vein,position and age of patient are the related factors of PICC malposition,while sex factor has nothing to do with the occurrence of PICC malposition.

Objective To evaluate the effects of dezocine on diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP ) and expression of NMDA receptor subunit 2B (NR2B) in the spinal dorsal horns of rats .Methods Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats , aged 4 weeks , weighing 150-170 g , with DNP induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin (STZ) 50 mg/kg (successful induction of diabetes was defined as blood glucose >16.7 mmol/L) , were randomly divided into 2 groups ( n=24 each) using a random number table:DNP group and dezocine group (group D) .Twenty-four normal rats were chosen and served as normal control group (group C) .In group D , dezocine 2.52 mg/kg was injected intramuscularly once a day for 7 consecutive days starting from 2nd week after STZ injection ,while the rats in DNP and C groups received the equal volume of normal saline .Paw withdrawl threshold (PWT) to mechanical stimulation was measured before dezocine injection (T0 ) ,and on 1st ,3rd ,5th and 7th days after dezocine injection (T1-4 ) and on 7th day after the end of dezocine injection (T5 ) .Twelve rats in each group were sacrificed after measurement of PWT at T4 ,and T5 .The lumbar segments of the spinal cord were removed for determination of NR2B protein expression (by immuno-histochemistry and Western blot ) and NR2B mRNA expression (by RT-PCR ) in the spinal dorsal horns .Results Compared with group C ,the PWT at T0-5 in group DNP and at T0 and T5 in group D was significantly decreased , and the expression of NR2B protein and mRNA at T4 ,5 in DNP group and at T5 in D group was up-regulated ( P<0.05) .Compared with group DNP ,the PWT was significantly increased at T1-4 ,the expression of NR2B protein and mRNA was down-regulated at T4 ( P<0.05) ,and no significant changes were found in the parameters mentioned above at T5 in group D ( P>0.05) . The PWT was significantly lower at T0 and T5 ,and the expression of NR2B protein and mRNA was higher at T5 than at T4 in group D ( P<0.05 ) .Conclusion Dezocine can effectively relieve DNP in rats and inhibition of NR2B expression in the spinal dorsal horns is involved in the mechanism .

Aim To explore the protective roles of lic-ochalcone A ( LA) on mice with cigarette smoke-medi-ated acute lung injury and the related mechanisms. Methods In vivo: Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke ( CS) to establish acute lung injury model. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ( BALF ) was conducted for cell counting. The mRNA and protein expression of keratinocyte-derived chemokine ( KC ) , tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α) , interleukin 1β ( IL-1β) and matrix metalloproteinases ( MMP)-9 in lungs were de-termined. The myeloperoxidase ( MPO ) , superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) activities and glutathione ( GSH ) levels in lungs were quantified. The paraffin sections of lungs were prepared and stained with HE. In vitro:Human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were exposed to cigarette smoke extract ( CSE ) , which induced cell injury. The releases of interleukin 8 (IL-8) and MMP-9 were assessed. The phosphorylation of mitogen-acti-vated protein kinases ( MAPKs, including ERK1/2, p38 and JNK ) and nuclear factor-κB ( NF-κB ) p65 protein were analyzed by Western blot. Results In vi-vo: The accumulation of inflammatory cells was lower in LA groups than that in model group. In comparison with normal control group, the mRNA and protein lev-els of KC, TNF-α, IL-1βand MMP-9 were significant-ly increased in model group. Following treatment with LA, the above indicators were significantly decreased as compared to model group. In the CS-exposed mice, the MPO activity in lungs was significantly increased, meanwhile the SOD activity and GSH level were signif-icantly decreased compared with the air-exposed ani-mals. CS-induced activity of MPO was significantly in-hibited, which were accompanied by increases in SOD and GSH levels by LA. In vitro: CSE-induced mRNA levels of IL-8 and MMP-9 were significantly inhibited by LA at 2 . 5 and 5 μmol · L-1 . The CSE-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and nucleus NF-κB p65 protein expression were prevented by pretreatment with LA. Conclusions LA has protective effects on CS-ex-posed acute lung injury in mice by preventing CS-in-duced pulmonary inflammation, oxidative stress and protease rise. The exploration of the mechanisms sug-gests that LA exerts protective effects via suppressing ERK1/2/NF-κB pathways.

Objective:To compare the difference of HIV infection risk among student Men who have sex with men (sMSM) attending secondary vocational colleges or high school, sMSM attending universities or above, and non-student men who have sex with men (MSM).Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted between July and October, 2019. Inclusion criteria of participants include: 15-24 years old, male at birth, had homosexual oral or anal intercourse before survey, self-reported HIV negative or unclear. Demographic information, HIV testing history and social media usage were collected by a self-reporting questionnaire, the HIV risk assessment tool was used for HIV infection risk assessment. We used Logistic regression to analyze the difference of HIV infection risk among student sMSM attending secondary vocational colleges or high school, sMSM attending universities or above, and non-student MSM.Results:Of the 1 707 participants, 45% (771 projects) reported homosexual debut before the age of 19, the proportion of HIV self-testing was 49% (833 projects), and 34% (587 projects) received facility-based testing. Comparing with sMSM attending universities or above, non-student MSM and sMSM attending secondary vocational colleges or high school had higher probability of medium and high HIV infection risk [ OR(95% CI): 1.53(1.10-2.12), 1.80(1.06-3.07), respectively], while the probability of medium and high HIV infection risk between sMSM attending secondary vocational colleges and non-student MSM was not statistically different. Conclusion:Non-student MSM and sMSM attending secondary vocational college or high school have higher risk of HIV infection, health staff should allocate more education resources to Non-student MSM and sMSM attending secondary vocational college or high school, in order to alleviate HIV threat to them.

Objective:To compare the difference of HIV infection risk among student Men who have sex with men (sMSM) attending secondary vocational colleges or high school, sMSM attending universities or above, and non-student men who have sex with men (MSM).Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted between July and October, 2019. Inclusion criteria of participants include: 15-24 years old, male at birth, had homosexual oral or anal intercourse before survey, self-reported HIV negative or unclear. Demographic information, HIV testing history and social media usage were collected by a self-reporting questionnaire, the HIV risk assessment tool was used for HIV infection risk assessment. We used Logistic regression to analyze the difference of HIV infection risk among student sMSM attending secondary vocational colleges or high school, sMSM attending universities or above, and non-student MSM.Results:Of the 1 707 participants, 45% (771 projects) reported homosexual debut before the age of 19, the proportion of HIV self-testing was 49% (833 projects), and 34% (587 projects) received facility-based testing. Comparing with sMSM attending universities or above, non-student MSM and sMSM attending secondary vocational colleges or high school had higher probability of medium and high HIV infection risk [ OR(95% CI): 1.53(1.10-2.12), 1.80(1.06-3.07), respectively], while the probability of medium and high HIV infection risk between sMSM attending secondary vocational colleges and non-student MSM was not statistically different. Conclusion:Non-student MSM and sMSM attending secondary vocational college or high school have higher risk of HIV infection, health staff should allocate more education resources to Non-student MSM and sMSM attending secondary vocational college or high school, in order to alleviate HIV threat to them.

With the appearance of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), breakthroughs have been achieved in the antiviral therapy for hepatitis C and hepatitis C patients can be cured completely. Due to the insidious onset of hepatitis C, most patients do not know their own conditions, and thus expanding diagnosis and treatment through screening is the key to the elimination of hepatitis C. However, hepatitis C virus is distributed widely and unevenly in the world, which results in difficulties in the screening and diagnosis of hepatitis C. This article introduces the current economic research on hepatitis C screening, analyzes the factors affecting the cost-effectiveness of hepatitis C screening, and shares the strategies and advances for hepatitis C elimination in other countries, so as to provide a reference for eliminating hepatitis C in China.

Objective To investigate the influence of perceptions and emotional attitudes on the public's willingness to organ donation and its path of promotion. Methods The mediation effect and structural equation models were established through the convenience sampling method and with ABC attitude model as the theoretical basis to analyze the influence of perceptions and emotional attitudes on the public's willingness to organ donation and the path of promotion. Results Among 4 565 investigated subjects, 621 subjects expressly stated that they were not willing to donate their organs after the death, 701 subjects were willing to donate their organs after the death, but only 259 investigated subjects signed the informed content card of organ donation. The differences in the subjects' willingness to donate their organs were statistically significant in terms of different genders, ages, religious beliefs, places of residence and educational degrees (all P < 0.05). The overall Cronbach's α coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.781, KMO=0.842, with good reliability and validity. In the structural equation model, the path coefficient of perceptions on the willingness to donation was 0.39, while that of attitudes on the willingness was 0.25. As such, perceptions and emotional attitudes had positive impacts on the willingness to donate the organs. The results of the mediation effect model indicated that attitudes played significant mediation effects in the causality relationship of perceptions on the willingness to donate organs, and the mediation effect value was 0.035(P < 0.01). The awareness degree of organ donation was the largest determinant to the perception factor, and the path coefficient on the willingness to donation was 0.20. The sense of social honor was the largest determinant to the attitude factor, and the path coefficient was 0.16. Conclusions Both perceptions and emotional attitudes positively impact the willingness to donate organs. The awareness degree of organ donation is the largest determinant to the perception factor, while the sense of social honor is the largest determinant to the attitude factor. To improve the public's perception level towards the organ donation and increase the public's sense of social honor towards organ donation contributes to the improvement of the public's willingness to donate organs.

Objective To explore the important factors influencing organ donation willingness and coordination effect of organ donation coordinators. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among 349 national organ donation coordinators by convenience sampling, including 145 males and 204 females, aged 27 (23, 36) years. Multiple linear regression and disordered logistic regression were used to investigate the important factors influencing the willingness to donate organs and coordination effects. Results Among 349 organ donation coordinators, 146 (41.8%) were willing to donate organs, including 101 (28.9%) who had signed the consent card for organ donation. Adequate awareness of organ donation laws, high education level, marital experience, and good self-perceived health status all showed positive effects on organ donation willingness of organ donation coordinators (all P < 0.05). High income, long length of service as organ donation coordinators, full-time mode of employment, high willingness to donate organs, and adequate awareness of donation conditions and donation procedures all showed positive effects on the coordination effect of organ donation coordinators (all P < 0.05). Conclusions The willingness to donate organs is increased as the higher awareness of organ donation laws of organ donation coordinators, while enhancing the willingness to donate organs of organ donation coordinators exerts positive impact upon improving the coordination effect of organ donation coordination. Therefore, an all-round organ donation coordinator training system should be established to improve the success rate of organ donation advocacy and promote the development of organ donation.

Objective: To investigate the doseresponse relationship between the risk of elevated blood pressure and body mass index (BMI) in primary and secondary school students in Shibei District, Qingdao, so as to provide a reference for precise interventions of elevated blood pressure. Methods: Statistical analysis was conducted on the health examination data of 92 091 primary and secondary school students in Shibei District, Qingdao, in 2022. Overweight and obesity were assessed using the standards from the Screening for Overweight and Obesity among Schoolaged Children and Adolescents, and blood pressure levels were evaluated using the Reference of Screening for Elevated Blood Pressure among Children and Adolescents Aged 7-18 Years. The relationship between BMI and elevated blood pressure was examined using analysis of variance, Chisquare test, multifactorial Logistic regression, and a combination of restricted cubic spline after data cleaning. Results: Based on the standardized scores under different age and gender, BMI was classified into 5 categories. Compared with the group of BMIZ scores 0-<1, the risk of developing high blood pressure gradually decreased with BMIZ scores (OR=0.55, 0.53, P<0.05). Conversely, the risk of developing high blood pressure increased with increasing BMIZ scores (OR=1.90, 3.71, P<0.05). Stratified analyses showed that BMI was positively associated with elevated blood pressure by gender (male, female), age (aged 7-8, 9-11, 12-14, 15-16), and waisttohip ratio (≤0.83, >0.83) (OR=1.18, 1.19, 1.15, 1.22, 1.19, 1.18, 1.19, 1.18, P<0.01). There were multiplicative interactions between BMI and gender, between BMI and age, between BMI and waisttohip ratio (OR=1.53, 1.08, 2.31, P<0.01). Restricted cubic spline analysis showed that as BMI levels increased, the risk of developing elevated blood pressure showed a nonlinear increasing trend in both the 7yearold and the 10 to 16yearold (χ2=27.56, 10.69, 6.10, 27.26, 18.32, 25.71, 10.53, 6.14, P<0.05). Conclusions The risk of elevated blood pressure in primary and secondary school students increases with BMI, showing a nonlinear doseresponse relationship. The blood pressure should be monitored regularly, and comprehensive and effective measures should be implemented to control elevated blood pressure in children and adolescents.