It is reported that type Ⅲ interferon (IFN-λ) has an anti-tumor effect on melanoma,hepatocellular carcinoma,esophageal carcinoma and fibrosarcoma in recent years.IFN-λ could not only inhibit melanoma metastasis,but also induce cell apoptosis;its constitutively expression could activate natural killer cells,affecting hepatocellular carcinoma growth;IFN-λ could induce cells of G1 phase in esophageal carcinoma directly to stagnation or apoptosis;IFN-λ could cause native and adaptive immune response to suppress fibrosarcoma growth.Research on the anti-tumor mechanisms of IFN-λ will provide new ideas for clinical tumor therapy.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for improving the charge system of drug registration in China so as to promote work efficiency and quality of drug registration. METHODS:Through comparing the implementation of drug registration and evaluation in Japan and China(registration institution,process,cycle,etc.),Japanese charge standard of drug registration system was evaluated and its characteristics were analyzed,so as to put forward the suggestion for charge standard reform of drug registration in China. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Japanese drug registration was internal review, with the independent administrative institution Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency(PMDA)as main body,combined with the opinions of the external experts;there was a strict control standard for the registration cycle. Specific fee was confirmed by the charge standard according to new drug registration,drug re-registration,first application,extension application,first or second category of drugs, orphan drugs or non-orphan drugs. Japanese charge standard was characterized with clear classification of charge standard,high fees, close relationship of charge level with drug types. The procedures for drug registration were more cumbersome in China,and involved more relevant institutions and personnel at different levels;there was not strict restriction on registration period;relatively rough charge standard,low fee and not detailed charge classification also existed. It is suggested to draw lessons from the experience for charge standard formulation and management of drug registration in Japan,improve the current drug registration charge system in China by adding charge standard of drug registration into annual report of Center for Drug Evaluation,raising the amount of fee, subdividing the charge items and setting up the feedback mechanism,which lay a solid foundation for improving the efficiency and quality of drug registration in China.

MiR-142-3p has been reported to act as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer. However, the regulatory effect of miR-142-3p on drug resistance of breast cancer cells and its underlying mechanism remain unknown. Here, we found that miR-142-3p was significantly downregulated in the doxorubicin (DOX)-resistant MCF-7 cell line (MCF-7/DOX). MiR-142-3p overexpression increased DOX sensitivity and enhanced DOX-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a direct functional target of miR-142-3p in breast cancer cells and miR-142-3p negatively regulated HMGB1 expression. Moreover, overexpression of HMGB1 dramatically reversed the promotion of apoptosis and inhibition of autophagy mediated by miR-142-3p up-regulation. In conclusion, miR-142-3p overexpression may inhibit autophagy and promote the drug sensitivity of breast cancer cells to DOX by targeting HMGB1. The miR-142-3p/HMGB1 axis might be a novel target to regulate the drug resistance of breast cancer patients.