The management of frailty in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been receiving increasing attention.Frailty in elderly patients with CKD has a high incidence and is used for risk prediction of adverse outcomes,including death,hospitalization,falls,dialysis and so on.A range of pathophysiological changes caused by CKD,aging and multimorbidity work together to promote the development of frailty.Treatment for CKD patients with frailty includes mainly nutritional support,exercise,drug therapy and comprehensive intervention.This article reviews recent research progress concerning frailty in elderly CKD patients.

Objective To analyze the frail status and influencing factors of inpatients in geriatrics department.Methods A total of 170 patients aged ≥ 65 years in Geriatrics Department in our hospital were selected.Frailty was defined according to the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS),and patients were divided into non-frail group and frail group.The differences in comorbidity,physical function,nutrition,cognitive,psychological,geriatrics syndromes,medication,social support and other aspects were analyzed between the two groups by using Comprehensive Geriatrics Assessment(CGA),and correlationof the factors with frailty was evaluated.Results There were 83 (49.0％)patients in frail group and 87 (51.0％)in non-frail group.In frail group versus non-frail group,Charlson comorbidity index was(2.7±2.0)vs.(1.9±1.1),and cumulative illness rating scale was(10.8±3.7) vs.(8.0±2.6) (all P＜0.05);mini-nutrition assessment was(11.2±2.3)vs.(13.0±1.3),and simple cognitive score was(2.7±1.3)vs.(4.1±0.9)(all P＜0.05).Grip,five chair rising,timed get-up and go test,walking speed,SPPB showed statistically significant differences (all P＜ 0.05) between frail group and non-frail group:(20.7±6.6)kg vs.(27.96.7)kg,(30.4±17.5)vs.(12.9±4.1),(23.7± 9.9)vs.(11.7± 3.3),(0.5 ± 0.2)m/s vs.(0.9± 0.2)m/s,(5.6 ± 2.3) vs.(10.3±1.8)respectively.The incidences of incontinence,visual impairment,hearing impairment,sleeping disorder,oral problems,chronic pain,anxiety or depression and fall history were higher in frail patients than in non-frail patients.Living alone,the widowed,nursing staff employment proportion were higher in frail group than in non-frail group.Level of education was lower in frail group than non-frail group.Logistic regression analysis showed that BMI,the walking speed and the number of geriatrics syndromes had a significant impact on frailty(OR=0.789,0.000,2.745,all P＜0.05).Conclusions Incidence rate of frailty in elderly hospitalized patients is high.To identify frailty of hospitalized patients,comprehensive geriatric assessment can be used for understanding frail characteristics and its influencing factors for hospitalized old patients,so as to provide evidence for the reasonable treatment programs.

Objective To investigate the incidence and the relation between pulmonary hypertension (PH) and cardiac output in hemodialysis (HD) patients with PH. Methods The incidence of PH was estimated with Doppler echocardiography in 78 patients receiving HD. Left ventricular ejection fraction, cardiac volume, cardiac output and cardiac index were compared between patients with or without PH. Results PH was found in 20 patients (25.64%), among them15 had mild PH, 4 had moderate PH and 1 had severe PH. There was no statistical difference of ejection fraction, cardiac volume, cardiac output and cardiac index between the two groups. PH was not related to cardiac output. Conclusion HD can lead to PH, but cardiac output can not result in PH. Further investigations about the effect of elevated cardiac output induced by internal arteriovenous fistula and other factors on PH are needed.

Objective To explore the relationship of insulin resistance with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and arterial stiffness in elderly patients.Methods A total of 162 elderly inpatients (aged 60 years or over) were recruited from 2012 to 2014.Levels of fasting serum insulin,fasting serum glucose,creatinine and vitamin D were determined.Insulin resistance (IR) was evaluated by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).The patients were divided into the following three groups according to HOMA-IR:the low IR group with HOMA-IR less than 2 (n=78),the median IR group with HOMA-IR between 2 and 6 (n=43),and the high IR group with HOMA-IR greater than 6 (n=41).Arterial stiffness was assessed by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV).Arterial stiffness and serum vitamin D levels were compared among the three groups.Results cfPWV was increased and the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was decreased in the high insulin resistance group compared with the low insulin resistance group[(13.2± 5.7) μg/L vs.(17.8±6.2) μg/L,(14.3±5.2) m/s vs.(11.9±3.0) m/s].Multiple liner regression analysis showed that IR was negatively correlated with the serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D level (r=-0.63,P＜0.05) and positively correlated with arterial stiffness (r=0.45,P＜0.05) after adjustment for age,sex and other confounders.Conclusions Elderly patients with high insulin resistance may have lower levels of serum vitamin D and higher arterial stiffness.

Objective To investigate the prevalence ,clinical features and prognosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in maintenance bemodialysis (MHD) patients for early diagnosis and treatment. Methods Complete clinical data of 184 MHD patients in Beijing Chaoyang Hospital between January 2000 and December 2007 were retrospectively analyzed. PAH diagnosis depended on echocardiography. Results Sixty-five (35.3%) patients were found having PAH, including 31 females and 34 males, with mean (56.84±14.58) years old. The mean bemadialysis duration was (29.69±21.61) months. Among 65 patients with PAH, arteriovenous fistula was used in 61 patients and central venous catheter in 4 patients. The systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (SPAP) was (44.56±8.25) mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa) in PAH group, which was significantly higher than (30.28±3.92) mm Hg in non-PAH group. There were significant differences of interval dialysis weight gain (IDWG), Hb, Hct, right atrial diameter, pulmonary artery diameter and right ventricular diameter between PAH group and non-PAH group (all P<0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed anemia, IDWG and right atrial diameter were independent factors (P< 0.05). There were no significant differences of age, dialysis duration, serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone (PTH) between two groups. Conclusions PAH is a common complication of MHD patients. Patients with mild PAH had few clinical manifestations and good therapeutic responses, but severe PAH may be associated with poor prognos is. Doppler echocardiography should be performed periodically to detect PAH in MHD patients.

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of frailty in elderly patients with stage 3-5 non-dialysis chronic kidney disease(ND-CKD)and to analyze its related factors.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted.Patients ≥65 years old with stage 3-5 CKD who had never undergone dialysis in the nephrology department and the internal medicine department of our hospital between October 2017 to September 2018 were enrolled.Patients were divided into the non-frail group and the frail group according to the Fried frailty phenotype.Clinical data and laboratory results were collected and comprehensive geriatric assessment was carried out to evaluate participants' medication, comorbidities, daily living ability, nutritional status, depression, cognitive and physical performance.The relevant factors for frailty were analyzed.Results:A total of 193 elderly patients with stage 3-5 ND-CKD were enrolled, 106 male and 87 female, including 68 outpatients and 125 inpatients, with a median age of 79.00(73.00, 85.00)years.There were 143 frailty patients(74.1%), including 41 outpatients and 102 inpatients, accounting for 60.3% and 81.6% of the eligible outpatients and inpatients respectively.Multivariable Logistic regression analysis showed that CKD stage( OR=9.74, 95% CI: 1.12-84.54)and polypharmacy( OR=3.69, 95% CI: 1.09-12.42)were associated with frailty in outpatients, and CKD stage( OR=11.75, 95% CI: 1.38-99.99)and malnourishment or risk of malnutrition( OR=4.22, 95% CI: 1.40-12.74)were correlated with frailty in inpatients. Conclusions:The prevalence of frailty is high in elderly patients with stage 3-5 ND-CKD.CKD stage, polypharmacy and malnourishment or the risk of malnutrition are closely correlated with frailty.

Objective To investigate the association between arterial stiffness of the common carotid artery(CCA)and insulin resistance in hemodialysis patients. Methods Arterial stiffness index β of CCA was evaluated by an ultrasonic phase-lock Echo-tracking system in 80stable non-diabetic hemodialysis patients.Insulin resistance was detected by the homeostasis model assessment method(HOMA-IR).Plasma hemoglobin,serum albumin,total cholesterol,high density lipoprotein,low density lipoprotein,triglyceride,lipoprotein(a),ApoA1,ApoB,CRP,calcium,phosphorus and creatinine were determined by standard methods. Results The stiffness index β was 11.41±4.13 in patients with previous cardiovascular disease(CVD)and 9.75±3.63 in those without CVD(P＜0.05).The stiffness index β was positively correlated with HOMA-IR(r=0.321,P＜0.01),as well as with age(r=0.376,P＜0.01),pulse pressure(r=0.267,P＜0.05),and duration of hemodialysis(r=0.219,P＜0.05).In stepwise multiple regression analysis,HOMA-IR(β=0.228,P＜0.05)and age(β=0.308,P＜0.01)were identified as significant independent variables for stiffness index β of CCA. Conclusions Insulin resistance is associated with aaefial stiffness in nondiabetic hemodialysis patients.The increased arterial stiffness may be the link between insulin resistance and cardiovascular morbidity as well as mortality in hemodialysis patients.

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Studies have shown that sarcopenia can result in adverse clinical outcomes, including reduced quality of life and increased hospitalization and mortality rates.Compared with the general population, the prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with chronic kidney disease is significantly higher.This phenomenon is closely related to the complicated pathogenesis of the chronic kidney disease.In this review, we mainly discuss the epidemeology, etiology, pathogenesis and interventions of sarcopenia in patients with chronic kidney disease to provide reference for the treatment and prevention of sarcopenia in patients with chronic kidney disease.

With the population aging, the prevalence of chronic kidney disease(CKD)is increasing.Frailty is a complex syndrome in the elderly.Elderly CKD patients have higher risks of frailty and cognitive impairment than the general elderly population.In recent years, the relationship between frailty and cognition has gradually attracted the attention of researchers at home and abroad.Cognitive frailty is regarded as a subtype of frailty and has become one of the research hotspots in the field of gerontology.However, there are few studies on the relationship between CKD and cognitive frailty in the elderly.This article reviews research progress on the topic, including the epidemiology, evaluation methods and possible pathogenesis of cognitive frailty in elderly CKD patients.