Objective To systematically study the chemical constituents in the roots of Gentiana macrophylla from Shaanxi Province. Methods Various column chromatographic techniques were used for isolation and purification of the principles. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral data (UV, IR, MS, (~1H-NMR), (~(13)C-NMR), (~1H-~1H COSY) and (~1H-~(13)C COSY), HMBC, and HMQC) and identified by comparing with the authentic substance. Results Five compounds were got from fat-soluble fraction. They are identified as: N-pentacosyl-2-carboxy-benzoyl amide (Ⅰ), 5-carboxyl-3, 4-dihydrogen-1H-2-benzopyran-1-one (Ⅱ), erythrocentaurin (Ⅲ), roburic acid (Ⅳ), oleanolic acid (Ⅴ). Conclusion Compounds Ⅰ and Ⅱ are two novel ones. They are named as qinjiaoamide and erythrocentauric acid, respectively. Compound Ⅲ is isolated from the plants of Gentiana L. for the first time.

Molar crown is very small and has not only thin-wall, but also complex profile, especially, the occlusal surface of each molar crown has many cusps, ridges and fossae being differently distributed. When conventional processing method is used, it is impossible to machine molar prosthesis rapidly and exactly. To enhance machining velocity and improve the surface precision of molar crown, an algorithm of entity rapid offset-based STL format is put forward. By the application of Zigzag toolpath planning and micro-machining cutter, the finishing toolpaths for high speed milling molar prosthesis are generated. In terms of Mikron UCP800 high-speed machine center, the molar all-crown made of alloy aluminum material is successfully machined. The test results show that the algorithm of tool-path generation works fast, the number of toolpaths is small, and the cutter feeds smoothly.
Algorithms ; Computer-Aided Design ; Crowns ; Dental Prosthesis Design ; Humans ; Molar

OBJECTIVETo establish an HPLC-ELSD method for determination of Anemarsaponin C and Anemarsaponin A III in Anemarrhenae Rhizoma.

METHODKromasil C18 column(4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) was used as stationary phase. Mobile phase was methanol-water gradient with the flow rate of 1 mL x min(-1); the temperature of the drift tube and evaporation was 50 degrees C and 70 degrees C respectively. The gas pressure was 1.03 x 10(5) Pa.

RESULTThere are good linearity in the range 0.310-3.10 microg of anemarsaponin C (lgA = 1.254 2lgM + 5.734 7, r = 0.999 5) and in the range 0.323-3.23 microg (lgA = 1.328 41gM + 5. 937, r = 0.999 6) of anemarsaponin A III. The average recovery of anemarsaponin C and anemarsaponin A III was 98.1% with RSD 2.1% and 97.3% with RSD 1.5% (n = 6) respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe method is rapid and accurate. It is suitable for quality control of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma. The result of determination reveals that the quality of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma from different places of north China are of notable difference.

Anemarrhena ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Saponins ; analysis ; Triterpenes

Seeing that the manual method to restore tooth has the disadvantages such as long "lead-time", assurance of quality highly depending on operator's technology, and real-time cure difficulty met by lots of dental patients coming up for tooth restoration, we put forward an algorithm of tool-path generation based on STL data model for roughing dental restoration. The algorithm can reconfigure the STL data of dental crown restoration quickly, can generates the multi-level offset wire-loop by the use of horizontal plane cutting triangle facets; and then on the basis of offset wire-loop, it can plan Zigzag and follow the contour machining tool path. The algorithm has been applied to Dental CAM software, through simulation machining, the result shows that it can not only generate interference-free tool path, but also save a lot of "lead-time" for dental restoration. Accordingly, the algorithm is of great value for reference in clinical application.
Algorithms ; Crowns ; Dental Restoration, Permanent ; methods ; Humans ; Software ; Therapy, Computer-Assisted ; methods

OBJECTIVETo compare the quality of cultivated and wild Anemarrhena Rhizome from Yi County (Xiling Zhimu) based on contents analysis of active constituents.

METHODSamples of cultivated Anemarrhena Rhizome from most townships of Yi County were analyzed and compared with wild ones. Six indexes belonged to three kinds active constituents of saponin, flavornoid and polysaccharide were adopted. HPLC-ELSD method with cholesterol as internal standard was adopted to determine the content of sarsasapongenin. HPLC-ELSD method was used to simultaneously determine the contents of anemasaponin C and Anemasaponin A III. Contents of neomangiferin and mangiferin were determined by HPLC-UV method. Total polysaccharide was determined by phenol sulfate method.

RESULTThe mean content of sarsasapongenin in cultivated Anemarrhena Rhizome samples is slightly lower than the wild. The mean contents of anemasaponin C and Anemasaponin A III in cultivated Anemarrhena Rhizome samples are higher than the wild. There is no notable difference of these three index between the cultivated and the wild. The cultivated Anemarrhena Rhizome samples have a lower content of neomangiferin and a higher content of mangiferin than the wild. While the total content of these two flavonoids have no notable difference. The cultivated Anemarrhena Rhizome samples have a higher content of total polysaccharide than the wild samples.

CONCLUSIONContents of active constituents in cultivated Anemarrhena Rhizome from Yi County (Xiling Zhimu) are not notably different with the wild Anemarrhena Rhizome. They have similar good quality as the wild ones.

Anemarrhena ; chemistry ; growth & development ; China ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Gardening ; methods ; Plant Extracts ; analysis ; Rhizome ; chemistry ; growth & development