Many controversies and unanswered questions surround AIS(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis),the most difficult one is the absence of information about its aetiopathogenesis.Although bracing has been regarded as the standard of care for patients at a high risk of progression,it has never been subjected to rigorous assessment of either its efficacy or effectiveness.With respect to surgical management,although technology has greatly increased the safety with which we can correct spinal deformity and preserve spinal balance,long-term results of these changing methods of management are absent.Surgery can reduce deformity and prevent further progression;thereby decreasing the risk of future cardiopulmonary compromise,but its role in the prevention of other negative long-term effects of scoliosis is not clear.In this paper we discuss present notions about aetiopathogenesis,natural history,non-operative treatment,and surgery.

The compositions and contents of fatty acids in the meat and viscera in Chlamys ferreri near Yantai seacoast, Shandong Province were studied in detail. The result showed that the contents of the unsaturated fatty acids in the meat and wastes were 65. 0% and 66. 2%, respectively. Moreover, the contents of the polyunsaturated fatty acids and EPA+DHA were 55. 1% and 37. 5% in the meat, respectively. The contents in the viscera were 48. 8% and 22. 2%, respectively.

Objective To observe the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on cognitive function in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.Methods The animal model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion was established in 30 Sprague-Dawley rats by surgically induced bilateral common caroid artery stenosis,who were then divided into a control group and a treatment group.The rats in the treatment group were administered with 20 Hz rTMS 4 weeks postoperation for 7days.Another 10 rat subject to sham operation served as blank controls.The cognitive function was assessed by Morris water maze (MWM) at the time points of 2nd,3rd,4th and 5th days after ending of the 4 weeks of tretment.The morphologic changes of hippocampus neurons were observed with HE staining.The apoptosis was examined by TUNEL,the expression of Bcl-2 or Bax protein was determined using immnunohistochemistry assay.Results At all the time points the MWM escape latency in the rTMS group was shorter than that in the control group (P ＜ 0.01).The percentage of crossing the corresponding platform during the same time period in platform quadrant in the rTMS group was significant higher than that in the control group (P ＜ 0.01).Compared with the control group,the treatment group demonstrated significantly decreased percentage of neuronal apoptosis (P ＜0.05),as well as increased expression of Bcl-2 protein (P ＜0.01) and reduced expression of Bax protein (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion rTMS can improve the cognitive dysfunction in rats caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion,probably through inhibiting neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus region.

Denture Precision Attachment ; classification ; Humans

Crowns ; Dentures ; Humans

Combined Modality Therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Phytotherapy ; Prostatic Diseases ; therapy ; Urinary Calculi ; therapy ; Urologic Neoplasms ; therapy

OBJECTIVE: To observe monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) changes in ischemic tissue during the process of angiogenesis induction in ischemic limbs by autologous mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation.METHODS: Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to 2 groups (n = 10): model and MSC transplantation. Femoral and tibial bone marrow was taken to isolate and culture MSCs by percoll density gradient method. Cells of the 3~(rd) or 4~(th) passage were used for transplantation. Severe bilateral hind limb ischemia was surgically created in each group rats. Two hours after model establishment, MSCs (1×10~(11)/L) were infused into the ischemic region of rats from the MSC transplantation group, and the model group received the same amount of phosphate buffered saline. Collateral artery formation was determined by angiographic analysis and histological assessment. CD68~+ macrophage infiltration was examined by immunohistochemistry. MCP-1 protein expression in the plasma and ischemic tissue was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MCP-1 mRNA expression in ischemic tissue was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS: At postoperative 28 days, treatment with MSC transplantation lead to collateral vessel formation, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that CD68~+ macrophage infiltration was lower compared with the model group. MCP-1 protein and mRNA expression in the plasma and ischemia tissue was significantly lower in the MSC transplantation group than in the model group (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Following MSC transplantation, MCP-1 may play an important role in ischemia-induced angiogenesis. This indicates that MCP-1 would become one possible target molecule for modulating inflammatory angiogenesis by MSC Transplantation.

Sustained release drug delivery from microparticles is an excellent alternative for daily protein/peptide drug administration protocol. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) are the most commonly used polymer carriers in the development of protein/peptide microspheres. Basically there are three preparation methods for PLA/PLGA microspheres: the solvent extraction/evaporation based multiple emulsion (W/O/W emulsion) method, the phase separation method and the spray drying method. The stability of the protein/pipetide loaded, encapsulation efficiency, and the burst effect of the microspheres are key problems usually met in the preparation of microspheres. In this review the preparation techniques and progress in the development of protein/pipetide microspheres which aimed to stabilize protein/peptide structural integrity, keep the bioactivity of drugs, increase the encapsulation efficiency and improve the release profile were summarized and evaluated.

Flavones and flavonols belong to flavonoids that have anti-cancer activities. In order to explore molecular mechanism and inhibitory effects of flavones and flavonols on human esophageal carcinoma cells, the inhibition of proliferation and the induction of G2/M cell cycle arrest in KYSE-510 cells and OE33 cells treated with three flavones (luteolin, apigenin, chrysin) and three flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin) were analyzed by MTT array and flow cytometry. Among these compounds, luteolin and quercetin were the most active flavonoid to inhibit the proliferation of KYSE-510 cells and OE33 cells, respectively. The genes related to cell cycle control were analyzed by gene chip, after KYSE-510 cells and OE33 cells were treated by luteolin and quercetin, respectively. The results were shown that the expression of p21waf1 was induced and the expression of cyclin B1 was suppressed in KYSE-510 cells, and that the expression of GADD45? and 14-3-3? were induced and the expression of cyclin B1 was suppressed in OE33 cells. These results were verified by real-time RT-PCR and Western-blot. The comparative effects of all six compounds on the regulation of these gene expressions at the mRNA and protein levels were also analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and Western-blot. The results were shown that p21waf1, GADD45?, 14-3-3? and cyclin B1 were the target genes which mediated the effects of flavones and flavonols on induction of cell cycle arrest in KYSE-510 cells and OE33 cells.

Vildagliptin is a potent and selective inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), which can prevent the cleavage and inactivation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and thus increases the plasma level of intact GLP-1. Such action promotes the insulin secretion from β cell and suppresses inappropriately glucagon secretion from α cell in a glucose-dependent manner. Vildagliptin used as monotherapy or in combination with other antidiabetic drugs can effectively reduce HbA1C, fasting and postprandial plasma glucose, and improve islet β cell and α cell function in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with extremely few hypoglycemia and comparable adverse effects with placebo, but no weight gain. The unique drug action, reliable clinical efficacy, and favorable safety and tolerability of vildagliptin make it a novel oral antidiabetic drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.