This paper describes photobiological hazards and the standards of photobiological safety in the application of medical devices. It analyzes and discusses the current status of the international standardization and the national standardization.
Equipment and Supplies ; standards ; Photobiology ; Safety

Breast Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; standards

Acromioclavicular Joint ; anatomy & histology ; injuries ; surgery ; Fracture Fixation ; instrumentation ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Shoulder Dislocation ; surgery

A review of the development milestones of medical consortia during the 20th century in China,probed into the practice and strategy of medical consortia delivery modes.Such modes are designed to build an integrated regional medical service resources and functions,create the delivery service chain to cater to primary medical service demands in urban and rural areas,and meet China's present conditions.Author of the paper proposed better supporting policies and measures based on improving the basic strategy of the medical consortium's delivery mode.

Neonatal jaundice or hyperbilirubinemia is a common occurrence in newborns.Most cases of neonatal jaundice have a benign course.Hyperbilirubinemia can be best understood as a balance between the production and elimination of bilirubin,with a multitude of factors and conditions affecting each of these processes.When an imbalance results because of an increase in circulating bilirubin ( or the bilirubin load)to significantly high levels( severe hyperbilirubinemia),it may cause permanent neurologic sequelae( kernicterus),which is preventable if the hyperbilirubinemia is identified early and treated appropriately.Phototherapy for jaundice is a common treatment in neonatal medicine and is used to prevent the neurotoxic effects of bilirubin.Phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia should be based primarily on total serum bilirubin levels of the infant's age in hours and other factors that affect the risk of bilirubin encephalopathy.

Pediatric liver transplantation has long been developed in the western world.Currently,favorable outcomes after liver transplantation have been achieved in pediatric recipients and the postoperative 5-year survival rate reached 80％ in western transplantation centers.In the mainland China,pediatric liver transplantation started quite recently and there is still a big gap compared with western centers.In addition,there is unbalanced development between adult and pediatric recipients due to surgical difficulties and undesirable outcomes following pediatric liver transplantation.The operation methods of pediatric liver transplantation include whole liver transplantation,reduced-size liver transplantation,living donor liver transplantation and split liver transplantation.Perioperative complications of pediatric liver transplantation mainly include portal vein thrombosis,hepatic artery thrombosis,intra-abdominal bleeding,infections,rejection,bile leakage and biliary strictures.While the long-term complications are infections,post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders,acute and chronic rejections caused by poor compliance with immunosuppressive therapy.Perioperative complications have been reduced recently thanks to improvement of surgical techniques.With the highly-prolonged survival period,long-term postoperative complications have been playing a significant role in recipients' survival rates.Management of long-term follow-up and compliance has been the next focus of pediatric liver transplantation.

Objective To observe postoperative analgesia effect of sacral canal injection of dezocine before procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids operation.Methods A total of 160 patients with mixed hemorrhoid were divided into two groups:observation group(n=80)and control group(n=80).Dezocine 5 mg was injected in sacral canal before operation in observation group and same dose of saline was injected in control group.The postoperative analgesia effect,complication and general condition of patients were observed.Results Compared with the control group,significandy more slightless in pain were found in observation group.There was no effect on the wound healing time of patients.The rate of complication in observation group was lower.Conclusion The sacral canal injection of dezocine was a safe,simple and effective analgesic method.

Objective To investigate MSCT findings of CT features of basal cell adenomas in the parotid gland, and improve its diagnostic value.Methods 12 cases plain and enhanced CT findings of basal cell adenomas in the parotid gland were retrospectively analyzed for their position, numbers, size, shape, edge, density and enhancement features,which were all verified pathologically after surgery.Results (1) There were 4 males and 8 females, of which 7 females were in the age of 50 ～59; (2) There were 14 lesions in 12 cases,11 cases were single and 1 case was unilateral multiple ( 3 lesions) ; (3) 12 lesions were situated in superficial lobe of the parotid gland, and 2 lesions were situated between superficial lobe and deep lobe of the parotid gland; (4) The maximum diameter of all lesions were <3cm,of which 5 lesions were < 1em,and 6 lesions were 1 ～2cm,and 3 lesions were >2cm; (5) The boundary of all lesions were clear;The edge of 13 lesions were smooth and 1lesion was aot smooth; (6) The density of 3 lesions were uniform, of which the diameter of 2 lesions were < 1 cm.There were 4 lesions showed a regular cystic zone in the center,and 7 lesions showed a irregular cystic zone in the center;The area of cystic zone were >50%in 5 lesions; (7)All of 14 lesions were enhanced obviously in enhanced CT scans.Increase of CT values were ≥40HU.Conclusion Single less lesions situated in superficial lobe of parotid gland, with clear boundary, smooth edge, cystic zone in the lesions, and enhanced obviously were the CT features of basal cell adenomas.Recognizing this CT features combined with the patients' gender and age could make for a definite diagnosis.

Objective To investigate MSCT findings of cystic masses of the neck.Methods The clinical and CT imaging data of 36 cases with cystic neck lesions including 1ymphsdenopathy 9 cases,abscesses 3 cases,salivary lesions 2 cases,thyroid lesions 2 cases,thyroglossal duet cysts 9 cases,branchial cleft cysts 5 cases,cystic hygromas 3 cases,deimoidcyst 1 case laryngeal mucocele 1 case and nerve sheath tumors 1 case comfired by operation-pathology were analyzed.Results The cystic features of lesions could be showed on contrast-enhaced CT,cystic alteration in lymphadenopathy were due to necrosis and presented as the cystic wall enhanced and thickened salivary cystic lesions were variable congenital cystic masses usually appeared as a smooth,well-circum scribed mass,the cystis wall Was thin and nonenhanced unless inflammation was present and most of them localized at the specific anatommic compartments thyroglossal duct cysts were mainly in the anterior midline portion of the neck at the level of the hyoid bone.Second branchial cleft was commonly in the posteriormargin of the subm and ibular gland and lateral to the carotid space.Dermoid cyst presented in the floor of the mouth.Conclusion CT can provide essential infonnatiom in evaluating the nature and location of the cystic mass of neck.which is of significance for diagnosis and preoperative planning.

Objective To explore the cause of anastomotie fistula after esophagus cancer and cardiac cancer operation and its prevention and treatment.Methods After excising the tumors,the esophagogastrostomy was performed in 60 cases,in which the cervical anastomose in 48 cases and intrathoracic anastomose was adopted in 12 cases.We retrospectively analyzed its prevention and treatment. Results Caevial anastomose in 48 cases,4 patients with anastomotic fistula in the died,while none of 12 cases in the cervical anastomose died. Conclusions Careful procedure and improving the anastomotic methods are the key factors to reduse the anastomotic fistula,the accurate control of infection and full nutritive support are the effective methods to decrease the mortality rate of this disease.