Objective To investigate the selection of the types of anastomosis of bilioenterostomy and evaluate the therapeutic effects.Methods From 1990 to 2000,536 patients with obstructive jaundice underwent bilioenterostomy in our hospital.The patients included 279 cases(52%) of hilar strictures with hepatolithiasis,108 cases(20%) of end stage periampullary tumors,96 cases(17%) of proximal cholangiocarcinoma and 53 cases(12%) of congenital choledochus cyst.The types of anastomosis included extra or hilar hepatic bilioenterostomy in 302 cases(56%),intra hepatic duct anastomosis with different type of hepatectomy in 222 cases(42%),of which 44 cases(8%) were anastomosed by roud ligament approch,27 cases(5%) through gallbladder fossa.Results The short term and 1～9 years long term follow up indicated that the jaundice of different patients can be completed relieved by suitable type of bilioenterostomy.Conclusions The good therapeutic effects of bilioenterostomy come from the correct selection of the anastomosis methods.

Objective To study the expression of HDAC2 in lung of smoke cessation and smoking cessation rats,Methods Forty SD rats were divided into five groups randomly:normal control group (group A),1-month smoking group (group B,),2-month smoking group (group C),1-month smokingcessation group(group D),2-month smoking-cessation group(group E).Group B rats were exposured to cigarettes for 1 month,C,D,E were exposured to cigarettes for 2 months.At 1 month,group B were sacrificed,at 2 month,group C were sacrificed,group D was smoking cessation for 1 month and group E for 2 months.Pathomorphological changes of the small airway were analyzed,and then study the HDAC2 in rats'lung tissue.Results Compared with group A,the levels of HDAC2 in group B,group C,group D,group E were decreased (P ＜ 0.01),but smoking groups levels were lower than smoking-cessation groups.In smoking groups,group C was lower than group B.In smoking-cessation groups,group D was lower than group E.Conclusion It shows that the levels of HDAC2 in rats' lung tissue decrease after smoking exposure.It can recrease after quitting,but still cant back to normal.

Objective To understand the clinical characteristics of primary small vessel vasculitis with involvement of lungs in children and analyze the causes of misdiagnosis.Methods Clinical data from 16 patients with primary small vessel vasculitis were collected and their pathological,antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody(ANCA),pulmonary lesion manifestations,image and misdiagnosis were further analyzed.Results Among 16 cases,9 cases were microscopic polyarateritis(MPA) and 4 cases were Wegeners granulomatosis(WG) and 3 cases were Churg-Strause syndrome(CSS).The ages of onset were from 3 to 14 years old with average age of 7.5 years old.Seventy-five percent(12/16) were ANCA positive.The patients with lung involvement had cough,chest pain,dyspnea,hemoptasis and asthma.Findings on lung X-ray films were variable.Some showed multiple patch shadows,others showed single or multiple masses or nodular shadows with or without cavity formation.After the treatments with corticosteroid and cyclophosphamide,10 cases turned better;including 8 cases with normal on lung X-ray films.Three cases given up;3 cases died.Conclusion It is very difficult to make diagnosis of primary small vessel vasculitis with involvement of lungs and should be paid more attentions to this issue.

Objective To investigate the effects of silymarin on expressions of nuclear factor kappa B(NF-?B) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) in the kidneys of rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction(UUO)-induced renal fibrosis.Methods Seventy-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: sham-operated group(n=24),operated group(n=24) and silymarin treated group(n=24).Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis model was established via UUO.Silymarin was given by gavage with 30 mg/(kg?d) in silymarin treated group,and the same volume normal saline was given by gavage in operated group and sham-operated group.In each group,8 rats were killed at 7,14 and 21 d after operation.Histological changes were observed in tubulointerstitial injury under microscope.The expressions of NF-?B and ICAM-1 in renal tissue were determined with immunohistochemical method.Results Tubuloin-terstitial injury scores in operated group at 7,14 and 21 d were 1.168?0.108,1.776?0.064 and 2.301?0.157,respectively,and Tubulointerstitial injury scores in the treated group at 7,14 and 21 d were 1.043?0.114,1.677?0.083 and 2.084?0.201,respectively.Tubulointerstitial injury scores in silymarin treated group were significantly lower than those in operated group(Pa

Objective To established a bacteriemia model of BALB/c mice after infection with a ST-239 methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) strain, which was isolated and identified from Shanghai Huashan Hospital. Methods We monitored the clinical signs and gross observations of MRSA-infected mice, and examined the histopathology among different groups. Results This isolated MRSA strain ST-239 can induced a typical bacteriemia in BALB/c mice, including the severe mortality and extensive histopathologic injury. However, higher survival rate and slight inflammatory injury were observed in vancomycin-treated mices. Conclusion The solid results obatined in this model will benefit us to study the pathogenic characteristics and patholgenesis in MRSA-induced bacteriemia, and propeled us to seek a safety cure approaches in the future.

Objective To compare the differences and characteristics of the dose distribution of the two optimization methods in the three dimensional brachytherapy,and provide the basis for clinieal treatment.Methods Excel 2007 was used to generate random number.And a total of 21 patients of cervical cancer were selected from those who have completed the treatment.Inverse simulated annealing optimization (IPSA) plans were designed for graphical optimization (GO) plans.The dose volume histogram (DVH) parameters of the targets (V100％,V150％) and the organs (D1 cm3,D2cm3) of the two methods were analyzed.Results The targets dose of both plans could meet the prescription requirements.There was no statistically significant difference in the dose parameters of all targets (P ＞ 0.05).The closes of D1 cm3 and D2cm3 in the bladder of IPSA plan were significantly lower than that of the GO plan (t =3.596,3.490,P ＜ 0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the dose parameters of rectum (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions For cervix brachytherapy,the GO and IPSA have no effect on targets dose,but IPSA optimization can reduce the maximum dose of bladder.

Oligosaccharides are one of the essential physiological constituents of glycoproteins and glycolipids on mammalian cell surfaces and microbial metabolites. They have considerable potential as therapeutics but are only now slowly assuming this important role. One of the reasons for their slow development has been the considerable difficulty in synthesizing oligosaccharides on the scale necessary for their clinical evaluation. Classical chemical and enzymatic methods both have limitations in synthesizing large-scale oligosaccharides. In recent years, the rapid progress on molecular biotechnology has promoted the development of retaining glycosidases in oligosaccharides synthesis, which led to the production of a novel class of enzymatic activities termed the glycosynthases. These new enzymes are retaining glycosidase mutants in which the catalytic nucleophile has been converted to a non-nucleophilic residue,synthesizing oligosaccharides in high yields ( the highest yields reach 99%) without any hydrolysis. Furthermore thioglycoligases and thioglycosynthases have been developed subsequently in the past three years. Glycosynthases can be screened in high-throughput assay by the two-plasmid system and the yeast three-hybid system respectively. Their activity can be significantly enhanced by substituting alternative residues for nucleophile, additional random mutations and optimizing reaction conditions. Their regioselectivity can be modified through changes in receptors.

Objective To investigate the effects of high-fat diet on the formation of colorectal adenomas in rats.Methods Twenty Wistar rats were evenly divided into two groups,one group were fed with common food and the other group were fed with high fat-diet.The rats of two groups were intraperitoneally injected with 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine (DMH) (40 mg/kg) once a week for 10 consecutive weeks.Rats with common diet and DMH were assigned to SDT group,and those with high-fat diet and DMH were assigned to HFDT group.The expression of Ki-67 was detected by immunohistochemistry and the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclooxy-genase 2 (COX2) was detected by immunofluorescence.The levels of serum triglyceride,cholesterol,insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1),insulin,leptin and tumor necrosis factor-α were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.Student's t test and Mann-Whitney test were performed for statistical analysis.Results At the 18th week,the numbers of Ki-67 positive cells of SDT group and HFDT group were 24.00± 1.84 and 75.17 ± 3.17,respectively,and the difference was statistically significant (t=13.960,P＜0.01).The fluorescence intensity of PCNA of SDT group and HFDT group was 213.70±21.61 and 333.30±30.44,respectively,and the difference was statistically significant (t =4.987,P＜0.01).The levels of serum triglyceride of SDT group and HFDT group were (0.43 ± 0.05) mmol/L and (1.14±0.07) mmol/L,respectively,and the difference was statistically significant (t=8.366,P＜0.01).The levels of cholesterol were (3.75±0.'26) pmol/L and (7.77±0.79) pmol/L,respectively,and the difference was statistically significant (t=4.851,P＜0.01).Conclusion High-fat diet can promote the genesis and development of adnomas through influencing the body's endocrine metabolism,increasing cell proliferation cycle and regulating inflammatory reaction.

Objective The calcium oxalate stone is the most common type of the kidney stones.By building the rat renal calcium oxalate stone model, preliminary study the function of CaSR-Claudin14 regulating pathways on renal calcium oxalate stone for-mation model in rats. Methods 30 Male S-D rats were randomly divided into control group (n=15) and model group (n=15). Adult male S-D rats were given ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride to induce urolithiasis.Application of full automatic biochemical analyzer to test rat renal function and the changes of urine biochemical index.Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of CaSR protein;RT-PCR was used to detect the Claudin-14 mRNA expression;Western Blotting was used to detect the expression of CaSR and Claudin-14 protein respectively. Results By observing model group has large stones crystallization under light microsco-py;model group rats 24 h urine calcium are significantly higher than control group([9.66 ±1.10]mmol vs [3.26 ±0.60]mmol, P<0.01); and model group 24 h urine volume are significantly higher than control group ([21.27 ±1.08]mL vs [13.2 ±0.55]mL, P<0.01 ); and urinary PH has no significant difference between the groups( P >0.05 ) .Expression of Claudin-14 mRNA in the model group is significantly higher than normal control group([0.150 ± 0.004] vs [0.047 ±0.008], P<0.01); Expression of Claudin-14 protein in the model group is significantly higher than normal control group([1.526 ±0.089] vs 0, P<0.01).Expression of CaSR protein in the model group is significantly higher than normal control group([6.697 ±0.051] vs [5.016 ±0.053], P<0.05). Conclusion CaSR can raise the expression of Claudin-14, increase re-nal tubular urinary calcium excretion to promote renal calcium oxalate stone formation.