Identification and functional analyses of antiviral restriction factors in hosts have become hot research topics. Four HIV restriction factors, APOBEC3G, Trim5alpha, Tetherin, and SAMHD1, have been identified in recent years. By encoding auxiliary proteins, lentiviruses can counteract host restriction factors. For example, the auxiliary proteins Vif, Vpu, and Vpx of HIV antagonize APOBEC3G, Tetherin, and SAMHD1, respectively. Furthermore, these auxiliary proteins enable the entry of HIV into host cells and influence the replication and pathogenicity of HIV. In this paper, we review the research progress in the functions of the three HIV auxiliary proteins that can antagonize the host restriction factors.
Animals ; HIV ; metabolism ; physiology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Viral Proteins ; metabolism

Objective To determine the expression of Toll-like receptor 5(TLR5) mRNA in the lung tissues of rats with acute lung injury induced by flagellin, and to investigate its potential role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Methods Flagellin was isolated and purified from Escherichia coli ATCC25922, subsequently identified by monoclonal antibody to flagellin. One hundred and eight SD rats were randomly divided into control group (n=36), flagellin challenged 1 group (n=36) and flagellin challenged 2 group (n=36). Rat model of ALI was reproduced by injecting flagellin. The expression of TLR5 mRNA in the lung tissues of rats was determined with in situ hybridization technique at six time points. Blood gas was monitored and pathological changes in the lung was observed at the same time. Result Flagellin was isolated and purified successfully and its molecular weight was approximately 65kD. Flagellin-induced acute lung injury model was successfully reproduced in rats. From 1h after flagellin injection, TLR5 mRNA expression was found to be increased in the lung tissues of rats with flagellin induced acute lung injury, and the expression was on the increase with the elapse of time and increase of the dose of flagellin. The PaO_2 levels in flagellin challenged 1 and 2 groups decreased. Interstitial edema, alveolar edema and inflammatory cells infiltration were also observed in flagellin challenged groups. Conclusion Flagellin can induce ALI in rats; the development of flagellin induced ALI in rats is related with TLR5 expression in the lung tissues of rats.

In order to observe the changes of myotension in the paralyzed limbs after subcutaneous injection(S.C)of capsaicin,we observed the changes of the spontaneous Electromyography(EMG)recorded in the quadriceps femoris before and after T-5 level spinal transection and found that the amplitude of EMG kept a low level in normal rats but increased progressively after operation.After treating the animals with capsaicin 200mg/kg(S.C)in three consecutive days,we found a much lower spontaneous EMG and a much higher pain threshold than that of the controls.Radioimmunnoassay detected that the content of SP in spinal dorsal horn was reduced by 38.4%,the general condition did not severely changed during the experiment.The results indicate that SP in the spinal dorsal horn participates in the regulation of myotension,and it is suggested that subcutancous injection of capsaicin may be one effective treatment to reduce the hypermyotension in the paralyzed limbs.

Animals ; Benzodiazepines ; pharmacology ; Ducks ; physiology ; Growth Hormone ; blood ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ; metabolism ; Serum ; metabolism ; Weight Gain ; drug effects

Objective To evaluate a minimally invasive procedure for intertrochanteric fracture treatment in elderly patients. Methods Total 46 elderly patients with intertrochanteric fracture were treated with a minimally invasive procedure from September 2008 to February 2010. The fractures were fixed with multiple K-wires combined with skeletal traction through supracondyle of femur. All procedures were undertaken under local anesthesia. Results All the patients were followed up for 8.8-months in average, and 42 patients recovered with independent walking, and the good rates was 91.3%, without severe complications in this group. Conclusions Minimally invasive procedure including fixation with multiple K-wires combined with traction through femoral supracondyle, is a safe and effective treatment for intertrochanteric fracture in elderly patients, avoiding high risks of intra-and post-operative complications.

Objective To analyze MRI features of peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (pPNET) in comparison with pathological findings. Methods The clinical manifestation, pathological features and the MRI appearances of 7 patients with pathologically proved pPNET were analyzed retrospectively. Results Among 7 patients, 2 patients located in intracalvarium, 2 in lower extremities, 1 in vertebral canal and extended outside of vertebral canal, 1 in cavitas pelvis and involved sacrum, and the rest 1 in the retroperitoneal space. The lesions in soft tissue manifested as iso-intensity on T1WI, slight hyper-intensity on T2WI with cystic degeneration and hemorrhage. Pseudo-capsule was seen in 1 patient. The solid parts of pPNET enhanced markedly after the contrast agent was injected. The adjacent bones were usually involved. pPNET in bone presented as osteolytic destruction of bone with large soft tissue mass. Immunohistochemical examination showed CD99 expression in all 7 patients, synaptophysin (Syn) expression in 4, Chromogranin (CgA) expression in 3, neuron specific enolase (NSE) expression in 2, vimentin (Vim) expression in 2 and EMA in 1 patient. Conclusion MRI has important reference value in diagnosis of pPNET, but final diagnosis still depends on the pathological and immunohistochemical examination.

AIM: To observe the effect of crocetin on the apoptosis and the changes of its related regulating proteins caspase-3 and Bcl-2 expression induced by hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2) in cultured cardiomyocytes. METHODS: Changes of cellular morphology were detected under microscope. Apoptosis rates of the cells were analyzed by PI staining with flow cytometry. Expressions of caspase-3 and Bcl-2 proteins in the cells were determined by immunofluorescence with flow cytometry. RESULTS: In the concentrations used, more severe morphological changes with higher apoptosis rate of the cultured myocardial cells were seen in each H_2O_2 group than that in control group. When treated with 1?10 -4 mol?L -1 H_2O_2, the caspase-3 was increased and Bcl-2 protein decreased remarkably in the cells. But each dosage of crocetin, especially the highest one (5?10 -5 mol?L -1, P

This study discussed how to make a cognitive behavioral therapy-orientated case formulation for the client who was diagnosed as adjustment disorder,and also the importance of the role of case formulation in guiding the whole counseling process.Four months before the client asked for psychological help,he gradually showed symptoms of depression,insomnia,work inefficiency and being suspicious of self-capacity because of the promotion and the change of supportive system.We did the psychological counseling aiming at his cognitive,emotional and behavioral problems.In addition,the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI),Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDs) were used to evaluate his emotional condition before,after and during the counseling.Results demonstrated that the client's emotional,cognitive and social functions were significantly improved,achieving the expected goals.In conclusion,the cognitive behavioral therapy-orientated case formulation for adjustment disorder could effectively guide the counseling practice.

Objective To explore the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on cognitive ability in patients suffering from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) after ischemic stroke.Methods Forty five ischemic stroke survivors with MCI but not meeting the criterion for diagnosis as dementia were recruited, and were randomly assigned into an rTMS group (32 patients) and a control group (30 patients) according to a random number table.Both groups received the routine drug therapy of medicine and cognitive function training, and the rTMS group was additionally given rTMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at 5 Hz and 80％ motor threshold.The treatments lasted for 4 weeks.The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and auditory event related potential (ERP) were tested for both group before and after the treatment.Results After the treatment, two groups showed significant improvements in the average score of MoCA compared to that before the treatment, and that of the rTMS group was significantly higher than that of the control group.For both groups, the P300 latency shortened and the amplitude increased after the treatment.Moreover, the latency and amplitude of the rTMS group increased to 355.67 ± 16.43 ms and 8.69 ± 1.65 μV, respectively, after the treatment, significantly shortened and lengthened than that of the control group [(372.76 ± 23.35 ms and 7.03 ± 3.04 μV), respectively].Conclusions rTMS can significantly improve the cognitive ability of ischemic stroke survivors in a relatively safe way.