Objective To explore the effect of stance width on balance in static standing.Methods Thirty healthy young subjects were evaluated using the PRO-KIN balance training apparatus.They stood with their eyes open and closed in three stances:feet together,feet 50 cm apart,and feet a comfortable distance apart (measured as 18.63±3.67 cm between the heels and 29.60±4.93 cm between the toes).The excursions of the center of pressure (COP),the standard deviation of their longitudinal sway (SDLS),the standard deviation of their horizontal sway (SDHS),the mean longitudinal and horizontal sway velocities (MVLS and MVHS),sway length (SL) and sway area (SA) were recorded.Results With the eyes either open or closed,significant differences in all of the COP data were observed when standing in the different stances.The average SDHS,MVHS,SL and SA were all significantly better when standing comfortably than when standing with the feet 50cm apart whether the eyes were open or closed.Conclusion There is a proper distance between the feet where healthy youngsters best maintain static standing balance.

Insisting on public-interest nature of health is the basic principle of new-round health reforms and development in China. The evaluation of its magnitude is an important means to carry out public-interest develop-ment. This paper clarifies the meaning of the public-interest nature of health and its magnitude and other related con-cepts and discusses why the health system has the attribute of public-interest, points out related systematic arrange-ments that should be designed to ensure the direction of public-interest in health reform. The paper also suggests that a system of measuring the realized magnitude of this nature in health reform be established to evaluate the performance and provide reference for evidence-based policies.

At present, selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and 5-HT and noradrenaline (NA) re-uptake inhibitors ( SNaRI) are the first choice for the clinical treatment of depression, however, the clinical adverse effects of the drugs have become a prominent problem affecting the clinical efficacy. Chinese medicines have some experience in the treatment of depres-sion, and the combined use with the above antidepressants can enhance the efficacy and / or reduce the adverse effects. The article re-viewed the status of the combination of SSRIs and Chinese medicines in order to provide reference for the clinical treatment of depres-sion.

Costimulatory signals have become a hot field in immunological researches. As co-inhibitory molecules, programmed death-1 ( PD-1) and its ligands (PD-1/PD-L) have been demonstrated to play an important role in autoimmune disease, organ transplant rejection, microorganism infection, tumor immune escapes etc. . In recent years,some studies about PD-1/PD-L pathway in ophthalmology have been curried out and reported. Some changes were found in PD-1/PD-L pathway, such as ocular immunologic diseases, ocular infectious diseases, ocular tumors, immune privilege in ocular tissues and so on. Through the research on PD-1/PD-L pathway,we can further understand the pathogenesis of some ocular diseases and find new methods for their prevention and treatments. This article reviewed the recent advances in PD-1/PD-L pathway in ophthalmological physiopathology.

Objective To identify and evaluate the important risk factors for preeclampsia.Methods Databases of PubMed,Web of Science,Ovid CBM,China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database,Wanfang and VIP Database were searched from January 1,1990 to December 31,2012 to collect the cohort and case control studies involving the risk factors for preeclampsia.According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,data of the included studies were extracted.Meta-analysis was performed using Stata 12.0 software with DerSimonian Laird model to calculate OR and its 95％CI of each risk factor.Results A total of 20 studies involving 53 393 patients in the research group and 1 197 773 cases in the control group were included.Fifteen risk factors for preeclampsia were investigated,including:history of preeclampsia (OR=10.27,95％CI:7.67-13.75),complication with chronic kidney diseases(OR=4.69,95％CI:1.94-11.33),history of chronic hypertension (OR-3.47,95％CI:2.39 5.04),multiple pregnancy (OR-2.98,95％CI:2.43-3.66),pre pregnancy body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25(OR=2.47,95％CI:1.97 3.09),maternal hyperglycemia(gestational diabetes and pre existing diabetes)(OR=2.84,95％CI:2.28-3.55),primiparity (OR=2.47,95％CI:2.12-2.82),physical work during pregnancy (OR=1.62,95％CI:1.30-2.02) ; family history of hypertension (OR=2.14,95％CI:1.84-2.50),basic diastolic blood pressure ≥ 70 mmHg (OR=2.17,95％CI:1.44-3.27),low education levels less than junior school (OR=1.69,95％CI:1.34 2.15),basic systolic blood pressure ≥ 120 mmHg (OR=2.31,95％CI:1.86-2.86),urinary tract infection (OR=1.96,95％CI:1.54-2.48),maternal age ≥ 35 or ≤ 20 years (OR=1.43,95％CI:1.29 1.57) and mental ademosyne (OR=1.35,95％CI:1.24-1.47).In addition,smoking before or during pregnancy was found to decrease the incidence of preeclampsia (OR-0.66,95％CI:0.56 0.79).Conclusions The main risk factors for preeclampsia are:history ofpreeclampsia,complication with chronic kidney diseases,history of chronic hypertension,multiple pregnancy,pre-pregnancy BMI ≥ 25,maternal hyperglycemia,primiparity,work during pregnancy and family history of hypertension.Smoking may decrease the incidence of preeclampsia.Nevertheless,more emphasis should be laid the adverse perinatal outcomes of smoking.

OBJECTIVE:To improve the management of dispensing room in PIVAS in order to provide reference for standardized disposition of drugs.METHODS:The condition of the management of dispensing room of PIVAS in our hospital was introduced in respect of staff management,material management,disposition management,environment and equipment management.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:The quality and efficiency of disposition of intravenous drugs are improved through improving management of above four aspects to guarantee the medication safety of patients.

Objective To investigate clinical features of patients with severe acut respiratory syndrome (SARS) and fever-clinic patients in SARS prevalence days. Methods Clinical data of 45 SARS patients, 150 medical observation patients and 1200 home observation patients from fever-clinic were analyzed retrospectively. Results All the 45 SARS patients had the medical history of close contact with SARS, and their body temperatures were higher than the fever-clinic patients' ones. Leucopenia and lymphopenia in SARS patients were more common than those in the home observation patients, but were similar with those in the medical observation patients. All the SARS patients' chest radiographs showed large area of interstitial infiltration or shadows, and 46 7% patients developed rapidly in a short time. Conlusion Epidemic history and chest radiograph findings may be the major evidences to diagnose SARS, while the fever symptom and blood routine examination may be helpful to screen SARS.

Doxorubicin as a member of the anthracycline-based drugs, is widely used in cancer chemotherapy, while its significant cardiac toxicity and cytotoxicity limit its application to some extent.Therefore, it's a valuable exploring topic on how to improve the effect and reduce the adverse drug reactions of doxorubicin chemotherapy.This paper attempted to analyze the literatures about TCM combined with doxorubicin in nearly 15 years, including clinical use and experimental studies, to provide reference for the clinical application.

Radiotherapy is one of the main means of clinical treatment for cancer, although the continuous updating and development of technology and equipment, adverse reactions and side effects can't be avoided yet.Improving the clinical efficacy of radiotherapy and reducing its adverse reactions are the currently facing subjects.A large number of clinical studies showed that using traditional Chinese medicines(TCM)in tumor radiotherapy had significant effects of improving and controlling the clinical symptoms, improving the life quality of cancer patients, improving the sensitization of radiotherapy, preventing the tumor metastasis and recurrence, as well as improving immune function and long-term survival, etc.Meanwhile, TCM also had significant roles in reducing the damage of radioactive inflammation, decreasing the bone marrow suppression to improve peripheral blood, and reducing the toxicity of digestive system, etc.The combination of radiotherapy and TCM provides a broader space for the comprehensive treatment of tumors.

Aiming for improving the understanding of enteral nutrition(EN)in active and remittent Crohn’s disease (CD),this paper reviewed the history of EN,clarified the mechanisms of nutritional treatment,with emphasis on the effectiveness and key points of EN in the treatment of active and remittent CD.