Chinese meteria medica (CMM) chain is a long-span chain covering agriculture which mainly depends on the forces of nature as well as high-tech CMM industry, CMM expertise industry and fast developing CMM circulation industry. Imbalance among the development of these industries produces bottlenecks and hinders the operation of the entire production chain. After analyzing the structure of Chinese meteria medica industrial chain from the perspective of national economy industry, three industry classifications and differentiation of factor intensity, we conclude that the complex structure of CMM industry chain is attributable to these three aspects. And the complexity is mainly shown at complex industry, varied product types, different coordination of various industrial sections and different technical growth speed of varied industry. We propose that structural complexity is the natural property of the chain, which is the main reason of industry sector development imbalance and bottleneck. Results of this research could provide theoretical analysis for future research on the coordination of industrial chain and the efficiency of resource allocation.
China ; Drug Industry ; economics ; standards ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; economics ; standards ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry

Objective To study expression differences of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM ) protein in early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues and adjacent normal tissues in order to explore its diagnostic significance for early esophageal squa-mous cell carcinoma .Methods ATM protein expression was detected in early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues and adja-cent normal tissues by immunohistochemical SP method and the differential expression was calculated by using statistical methods . Results The positive positive expression rate of ATM protein in the early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissue and adjacent normal tissue were 65% and 95% respectively ,which were statistically different (P= 0 .044) .Conclusion The ATM protein ex-pression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissue declined .The detection of ATM protein in esophageal squamous cell carcino-ma tissue could become a reliable method for early diagnose of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma .

Transforming growth factor-β is an important cytokine with various bioactivities, including embryonic development, wound healing, chemotaxis and cell cycle regulation. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the main pathway of tumor cell to obtain the ability of invasion and metastasis. The TGF-β is the key factor known to induce EMT in cancer cells and plays an important role in the process. In recent years, some progress has been obtained. Some TGF-β inhibitors have approved in the market or in clinical trials. TGF-β inhibitors can play an important role on the treatment of tumors, glaucoma, liver and kidney fibrosis disease and scar repair. Novel TGF-β inhibitors reported in recent years were reviewed in this article.
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Wound Healing

Immobilization conditions of Candida tropicalis to be absorbed in polyurethane foam carrier materials were studied on the xylitol production from corn hemicellulosic hydrolysate. Optimum batch-fermentation conditions were as follows: inoculum amount, 7% (volume ratio); polyurethane foam quantity, 1.0 g/100 mL; 30?C; initial pH, 6.0. Shaking speed was divided into two-phase to accommodate the dissolved oxygen, with 200 r/min at 0~24 h and 150 r/min at 24 h~46 h. The immobilized cells on polyurethane foam carrier have high density and good resistance to inhibitors in the hydrolysates. Average xylitol yield and volumetric productivity of polyurethane foam immobilized fermentation were much higher than the fermentation without immobilization. Corn cob hydrolysates can be directly biotransformed to xylitol without decoloration or ion-exchange treatment. This process can effectively reduce production costs, and it shows broad prospects of applications. Average xylitol yield was 67.6% and xylitol volumetric productivity was 1.92 g/(L?h).

The voltage-gated sodium channel subtype Nav1.7 is highly expressed in nociceptive sensory neurons and is a key pathogenic target in several human hereditary pain syndromes. In recent years, a large number of studies have shown that Nav1.7 plays an important role in inflammatory, neuropathic, and nociceptive pain. Therefore, targeting Nav1.7 is a new strategy and hotspot for the development of novel analgesics. This review introduces the structure and function of Nav1.7, its regulatory role in pain, highlights the development progress of small-molecule Nav1.7 inhibitors in clinical trials, and analyzes the preclinical development of highly specific Nav1.7 inhibitors, with a view to providing reference for the development of Nav1.7 analgesic drugs.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the clinical outcomes of percutaneous intervertebral foramina endoscopic lumbar discectomy for elder patients with lumbar spinal stenosis syndrome.

METHODSFrom July 2006 to July 2011, 60 elder patients with lumbar spinal stenosis syndrome were treated with surgical operation, including 32 males and 28 females with an average age of (66.7 +/- 2.5) years old ranging from 72 to 83 years. These patients were divided into the traditional surgery group and percutaneous intervertebral foramina endoscopic discectomy groups (PTED group), 30 cases in each group. The index of the preoperative and postoperative, operative incision visual analogue scale (VAS) of two groups were compared. The Oswestry disability index (ODI) of two groups at 6, 24 months of the follow-up were also evaluated on activity of daily living.

RESULTSThe average operative time, the average blood loss, the number of cases using analgesic drug, hospitalization time of PTED group were better than those of the traditional surgery group (P < 0.05). The improvement of incision VAS in PTED group was better than that in the traditional surgery group (P < 0.05). All patients were followed up for 24 months at least. The ODI at 1, 24 month after operation were better than that of preoperative in two group respectively (P < 0.05), but the improvement of PTED group was better than that of the traditional surgery group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONPTED has the advantages of smaller incision, less bleeding, less postoperative stay and hospitalization time, tissue trauma and quicker recovery. It is a safe and efficacious minimally invasive surgical technique for elder patients with lumbar spinal stenosis syndrome.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Decompression, Surgical ; Diskectomy, Percutaneous ; Endoscopy ; Female ; Humans ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; surgery ; Male ; Spinal Stenosis ; surgery ; Treatment Outcome

AIM: To investigate the clinical effect for treating bullous keratopathy ( BK ) by anterior corneal stromal acupuncture combined with amniotic membrane transplantation.
METHODS: Totally 35 patients ( 35 eyes ) with bullous keratopathy were treated by corneal stromal acupuncture combined with amniotic membrane transplantation. All patients preoperative and postoperative underwent anterior segment OCT, corneal topography, corneal sensitivity and confocal microscopy. To observe postoperative ocular symptoms in patients with BK, recurrence of bulla, changes in corneal thickness, corneal sensitivity and changes in the organizational structure of the layers of the cornea.
RESULTS: Thirty-five were followed up for 6-18mo. The symptom of pain disappeared in 32 cases ( 91%) in the first day after operation and did not recur during follow-up. The symptom of pain relieved in 3 cases (9%) in the first day after operation and disappeared in 3 days. Corneal epithelium of 9 cases ( 26%) were all healed within 1wk, 21 cases (60%) were all healed within 2wk, and 5 cases (14%) were all healed within 3wk. Following up for 6-18mo, there was no recurrence of symptoms or bulla. A small amount of tiny bubbles in the surrounding area appeared in 2 cases after 3 and 4wk. All patients had no neovascularization, and had smooth corneal surface. The amnions of 30 cases (86%) were thinning after 2mo, partially dissolved and absorped, not seen with the naked eye after 3mo. Thirty-four cases (97%) had no changes in vision, one case (3%) was from the light to front of the manual. After 2mo, corneal sensation decreased in 30 cases ( 86%) , corneal thickness increased from preoperative 788±35μm to 940±43μm. After 12mo, corneal thickness increased to 1060±27μm. Results of confocal microscopy: after 3mo, the number density of the trigeminal nerve fibers under corneal basement membrane reduced, shallow stromal cells became into fibrotic stroma, deep stroma was more loose, and cells swelled significantly. The number of endothelial cells reduced and form swelled more obviously compared with preoperatively.
CONCLUSION: Corneal acupuncture combined with amniotic membrane transplantation can effectively control the symptoms of BK, prevent the recurrence of BK, and especially it is a simple, safe and practical way for patients with poor visual function.

Objective To observe the expression of fibronectin in bone of fluorosis rats and in vitro cultured osteoblast,and to study the role of fibronectin in pathogenesis of chronic fluorosis.Methods Male and female Wistar rats 144 were randomly divided into four groups,which were designated as the control group(normal diets,n =36),fluoride group(normal diets + 100 mg/L fluoride,n =36),lower calcium monophagia group (synthetic diets,n =36) and lower calcium monOphagia with fluoride group(synthetic diets + 100 mg/L fluoride,n =36).Rats were sacrificed 4 and 8 months after beginning of the experiment,respectively,and femur tissue was fixated and paraffin-embedded.The osteoblast isolated from calvaria of neonatal rats was treated with different dose of fluoride(0,1,2,4 mg/L fluoride,respectively) for 48 and 72 h,cell culture supernatant and cells were collected,respectively.The cranial osteoblasts were cultured in vitro and divided into four groups according to different concentration of fluoride added,which were 0(control group),0.01,1.00,and 10.00 mg/L groups.These cells were treated with mineralized induced medium at day 2 and cultured for 3 more weeks whereafter,and then the slides were fixed in alcohol.The expression of fibronectin in rat femur tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC),and fibronectin mRNA expression was determined by in situ hybridization; the fibronectin levels in supernatant of cultured osteoblast was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),and the expression of fibronectin mRNA in osteoblasts was detected with RT-PCR; skull mineralized nodule formation of osteoblasts was observed under a light microscopy after stained with 0.1％ red alizarin liquid.Results Little expression of fibronectin (brown granules under light microscope) could be seen in femur tissue of fluorosis rats of control group and lower calcium monophagia group; but abundantly expressed in fluoride group and lower calcium monophagia with fluoride group; the fibronectin was also expressed in osteoblasts,bone cells and bone marrow cells with less red particles in the control group and lower calcium monophagia group,but more in the fluoride group and lower calcium monophagia with fluoride group.The expression of fibronectin protein in supernatant of cultured osteoblasts was significantly increased in the group of 4 mg/L fluoride at 48 h(0.108 ± 0.042,t =0.764,P＜ 0.05) compared with control group(0.081 ± 0.010); the value was also significantly increased in 1,2,4 mg/L groups at 72 h(0.089 ± 0.010,0.087 ± 0.012,0.098 ± 0.023; t =0.765,0.704,0.996; all P ＜ 0.05) compared with control group (0.070 ± 0.014) ; the expression of fibronectin mRNA was much higher in 1,2,4 mg/L groups at 48 h (0.61 ±0.06,0.77 ± 0.07,0.77 ± 0.07) and 72 h(1.61 ± 0.14,2.54 ± 0.20,2.75 ± 0.22) compared with control group [0.48 ± 0.04(t =0.111,0.182,0.182,all P ＜ 0.05),0.97 ± 0.08(t =0.093,0.109,0.108,all P＜ 0.05) ].A lot of mineralized nodules could be seen under light microscope in 1.00 and 10.00 mg/L groups.Conclusions The expression of fibronectin in bone of fluorosis rats and in vitro cultured osteoblasts are increased,and fluoride also promotes the mineralization nodules formation of osteoblasts.These results suggest that fibronectin may regulate the process of bone mineralization,and possibly play a role in the development of skeletal fluorosis.

Accommodation of the human eye ian extremely complex and dynamiprocess,which iaccomplished by the interaction between the central nervousystem and variouoculastructurethaare relevanto accommodation.Varioumechanismof accommodation have been puforward since the beginning of the 19th century,among which Helmhohz'theory ithe mosfamous.However,iistill challenged by othetheories.So far,the mechanism of accommodation hanobeen fully understood.The mosdirecmethod to study accommodation ito observe changein the biometry of the oculastructureduring accommodation,which ialso the mosobjective interpretation of accommodative mechanisms.The rapid developmenof imaging technologiein regardto ophthalmology makethipossible.Thiarticle aimto describe the use of variouimaging technologiein oculaaccommodative studiein vivo from the perspective of morphology.

Objective To preliminarily optimize the acupuncture protocol in treating migraine in acute stage. Method Ninety patients with migraine in acute stage were observed, with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) as the evaluation index and an orthogonal design. Acupoints groups [Taiyang (EX-HN5), Fengchi (GB20), Taiyang (EX-HN5) and Fengchi (GB20)], insertion directions (perpendicular, downward penetration, and backward penetration), stimulation dosage (1 needle, 3 needles, and 5 needles) and acupuncture duration (30 min, 1 h, and 2 h), altogether 4 factors and 3 levels, formed up different acupuncture protocols to observe the analgesic efficacy in treating migraine in acute stage, so as to determine the role of the four factors (Chi-square test), advantage of the 3 levels (multiple comparisons) and the optimal grouping of the 4 factors and 3 levels. Result Acupoints group, insertion direction and stimulation dosage were the major factors in acupuncture analgesia, and the acupuncture duration was the secondary factor (P<0.05). The analgesic effect of Taiyang (EX-HN5) and Fengchi (GB20) was more significant than either Taiyang (EX-HN5) or Fengchi (GB20) (P<0.05). Penetration puncture from Naokong (GB19) towards Fengchi (GB20) (downward penetration) produced a more significant analgesic effect than from Fengchi (GB20) towards Wangu (GB12) and from Tianyou (TE16) towards Fengchi (GB20) (both backward penetration) (P<0.05). Acupuncture with Five needles and 3 needles (parallel horizontal insertion) were superior to that with 1 needle (P<0.05); acupuncture with 5 needles was better than that with 3 needles but without a statistical significance (P>0.05). Needle retaining for 2 h produced a better analgesic effect than retaining for 30 min and 1 h, but without statistical significances (P>0.05). Conclusion Taiyang (EX-HN5) plus Fengchi (GB20), downward penetration acupuncture, 5-needle parallel horizontal acupuncture, and 2-h needle retaining combine an optimal acupuncture protocol in treating migraine in acute stage. Nevertheless, 3-needle parallel acupuncture with 30-60-min needle retaining can also be chosen according to the condition of the patients.