China ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; history ; Surgery, Plastic ; history

Objective To investigate the plastic surgery of facial soft tissue for improvement of facial contour. Methods Botulinum toxin type A was injected into hypertrophied masseter to make it atrophy and attenuation; meanwhile, buccal fat lining was partly resected by intra-oral approach. Buc-cal liposuction was performed if necessary. Results 36 cases got satisfactory face thinning results af-ter treatment. The facial contour of all patients was markedly improved. Following up for 6 - 12 months showed that the effect was stable. Conclusion Plastic repair of facial soft tissue for improve-ment of facial contour is a simple approach, with mild injury, quick recovery, safe and effective.

Objective:To discuss the effect of trigeminus nerves on the phenotype of MHC after facial paralysis; Methods:The morphologic changes were observed by histochemical methods 、the phenotype of MHC by SDS PAGE 、the tension of contraction and the threshold value of electrical stimulation by electrical physiological methods; Results: trigeminus nerves could delay the decomposing of MHC, maintain the tension of contraction and the threshold value of electrical stimulation; Conclusion: Sensory nerves could delay the muscular atrophy ,and should be repaired when we repair motor nerves.

With the rapid development of digital technology, digital medicine has seen an upsurge in the 21st century, thus entering the era of precision and digital medicine. This article mainly introduces the application of digital technologies in plastic and reconstructive surgery, such as three-dimensional scan imaging, surgical navigation, microsurgical navigation, 3D printing, etc. In the era of big data, digital technologies have been widely applied in the preoperative design, navigation during surgery and post-operative evaluation of plastic surgery. Naturally the digital teams and societies of plastic surgery have come into being. Additionally this article puts forward the new prospects for more extensive applications of digital technologies such as surgical robots, 3D printing of prosthetic implants, and virtual reality. We believe that when the professionals who master artificial intelligence algorithms collaborate with the experts who have deep insight into medicine, the digital technologies can be applied better to the field of cosmetic surgery. This is our main task at present and the final goal.

Clinical application of imaging technology (e.g., CT, MRI and DSA) in craniomaxillofacial surgery, genetic detection and analysis, three-dimensional visualization of panoramic anatomy, rapid and accurate molding of craniofacial skeletal models, precise designing and manufacturing technology, intraoperative real-time navigation system, and the remote consultation system aided by information network technology effectively improve the diagnosis and treatment of craniomaxillofacial malformation.Application of rigid internal fixation improves the stability and accuracy of the fracture treatmentand osteotomy. With the research and application of distraction osteogenesis(DO) in craniomaxillofacial surgery, DO in Le Fort III osteotomy and treatment on hemifacialmicrosomiareduce postoperative recurrence significantly. The combination of craniomaxillofacial surgery and advanced technology of related medical and engineering disciplines has promoted the development of craniomaxillofacial surgery.

Roberts syndrome (RBS, OMIM 268300) is a rare autosomal recessive disease, characterized by retardation before and after birth, cranial and maxillofacial deformities, limb anomalies and mental retardation, etc. Mutations in the establishment of cohesion 1 homolog 2(ESCO2) gene on the chromosome of 8p21.1 have been found to be causative for RBS.Here we systematically review this rare disease and summarize the pathogenic mechanisms and process in its treatment.

Objective: To identify the special biomarkers and the differentially expressed proteins in keloid tissue and to explore the pathogenesis characteristics of familial keloid by comparing the protein expression differences among familial keloid(FK), sporadic keloid(SK), hypertrophy scar (HS), normal scar (NS). Methods: The tissue specimens of FK, SK, HS and NS(6 specimens in each group), were digested, taged and analysed using quantitative proteomic isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) labeling technology. A difference greater than 1.2 folds and P<0.05 were selection criteria for differencial expression proteins. Then bioinformatics analysis was applied.The expressions of 2 differential proteins were validated using Western Blot analysis. Results: A total of 2 450 differentially expressed proteins were identified. Compared with NS, 250 up-regulated and 281 down-regulated proteins were identified in FK; 281 up-regulated and 232 down-regulated proteins were identified in SK; 199 up-regulated and 233 down-regulated proteins were identified in HS.Compared with SK, 64 up-regulated and 164 down-regulated proteins were identified in FK; 79 up-regulated and 169 down-regulated proteins were identified in HS.Compared with HS, 124 up-regulated and 115 down-regulated proteins were identified in FK.These different proteins were concentrated in several vital signal pathways such as the extracellular matrix protein, cell adhesion and biological metabolism pathways. The variation trend of 2 differentially expressed proteins (P3H1 and RCN-3) were validated by Western Blot. Conclusions Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of keloid, hypertrophy scar and normal skin. Further investigations of these differential proteins may reveal the pathogenesis of keloid and provide new treatments for it.

In October 2017, a female patient, 3 years and 5 months of age, with Crouzon syndrome, associated with multiple craniosynostoses was admitted to Plastic Surgery Hospital. Combined intracranial and extracranial approaches of fronto-orbital advancement and cranial suture release were performed to treat plagiocephaly and scaphocephaly. The patient′s families were investigated. Corresponding mutations were detected by DNA sequencing. Therapeutic effect was satisfactory. The mutation was inherited for 5 generations. Genomic sequencing results showed that the exons of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene in the child was mutated, which excessively activated downstream signals and caused craniosynostosis.

Platelet-rich fibrin(PRF) was first reported in 2001 by Choukroun. PRF is rich in growth factors, which can promote collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and reduce the incidence of postoperative pain, inflammatory reaction and infection. It is often used in stomatology and other wound repair. Recently, some researchers try to use PRF in fat grafting. The aim of this review is to summarize PRF and its application in fat grafting.

Peripheral nerve injury is a relatively common sequela of trauma. Nerve regeneration and target re-innervation are complex processes, and remain clinical challenges. For a long period of time, the placement of an autologous nerve graft is the gold standard. However, autologous nerve grafts are limited in supply due to its potentially associated with donor site morbidities. Therefore, researchers keep seeking the ideal alternatives for neural repair. The clinical application of artificial nerve regeneration conduit has made incremental advancement. Specifically, compound conduits are gaining more and more attention, which are reported to have comparable effect to autologous nerve graft. The purpose of this paper is to review the progress of construction and application of compound nerve conduits in peripheral nerve repair.