OBJECTIVE:To probe into the situation of drug use that goes beyond the scope of package inserts in pediatrics of our hospital and to promote clinical rational drug use.METHODS:A total of 3 142 prescriptions between Mar.and Apr.2006 collected from the pediatric out-patient department of our hospital were analyzed in accordance with the contents of the related drug package inserts.RESULTS:Of the total 3 142 prescriptions,345(11.0%) involved drug use that goes beyond the scope of package inserts,leading the list were prescriptions of infants,accounting for 71.3% of the total.The problems such as age(52.2%) and indication(36.5%) were the main type;respiration system drugs(48.4%) and the antibiotics(40.6%) were the main drug kinds involved.CONCLUSIONS:It's widespread for drug use that goes beyond the package inserts in the pe-diatrics,which conforms to evidence-based medicine and the spirit of philosophy and ethics,but against the principle of law,which thus should be given fully attention in the clinic.

For the minimized phase transtorming risk, the most stable polymorph is generally considered as the desirable solid form for pharmaceutical applications. However, occasionally, the stable form may have some shortcomings such as low solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability, etc. In that case, the metastable form which is kinetically stable at room or lower temperature could be selected. Using metastable form may result in polymorph transformation in pharmaceutical manufacture and storage. Hence, the knowledge of the transformation between solid forms is essential to the development of the drug materials. In this paper, we will review the recent studies in the area of crystal conversion of polymorphs and hydrates, to illustrate some cases to introduce the types, conditions and mechanisms of the crystalline solid transformation.
Biological Availability ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Crystallization ; Drug Stability ; Kinetics ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; chemistry ; Solubility

Objective: To study the antioxidative and hepatoprotective activities of low molecular fucoidan oligosaccharides(LMFO) from Laminaria japonica in mice.Methods: Mice were pretreated with LMFO(50?100?150 mg/kg ig respectively, 10 days),and then 0.2 % CCl 4 10 ml/kg ig and D-GalN(600 mg/kg)+LPS(lipopolysaccharide,1 ?g/kg) ig respectively in two model groups to induce liver injury. Liver injury was assessed by quantifying activities of plasma GPT, SOD, GSH-Px and MDA content.Results: The increase of plasma GPT activity was significantly inhibited by LMFO in two liver injury models, suggesting that LMFO had good protective effect on the hepatocytes. LMFO had good antioxidative effect in mice with liver injury induced by CCl 4 and D-GalN+LPS as indicated by decreased MDA content and increased activities of plasma SOD and GSH-Px. Conclusion: LMFO is protective against CCl 4-induced and D-GalN+ LPS induced liver injury in mice and its effect may be due to its antioxidative activities in vivo.

Objective To evaluate left atrial (LA) function by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT-3D) and speckle tracking imaging (STI) after circumferential ablation of pulmonay vein ostia for atrial fibrillation guided by carto mapping system. Methods Thirty patients who had ablation procedure for paroxysmal atrial fibillation were accepted echocardiography to estimate the LA function at pre-operation,3 days and 3 months of post-operation. The LA maximal, minimal and pre-systolic volume (LAVmax, LAVmin and LAVp), LA passive ejection fraction (LAPEF), LA active ejection fraction (LAAEF) were measured by RT-3DE respectively. The strain rate curve was acquired in each LA segment (anterior, posterior, lateral, inferior and septal) by STI. Systolic strain rate (SRs), early diastolic strain (SRe) and late diastolic strain rate(SRa) of each left atrial segments were measured. Results Comparing with preoperative,3 days post-ablation SRs,SRe and SRa decreased significantly in each wall of LA. After 3 months,SRa and SRe in anterior, inferior and septal were significantly improved, however, SRs showed no significant difference. LAVmax and LAVpre were significantly decreased. LAPEF and LAAEF were significantly improved. Conclusions The patients with circumferential pulmonary vein ablation were in a deterioration after three days. The pump function and conduit functions of left atrial were increased after 3 months.

Animals ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; etiology ; metabolism ; Humans ; Inflammation ; metabolism ; Periodontitis ; complications ; metabolism ; microbiology ; Platelet Aggregation ; physiology ; Porphyromonas gingivalis ; pathogenicity ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Receptor, PAR-1 ; metabolism ; Receptor, PAR-2 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Receptors, Proteinase-Activated ; metabolism ; Receptors, Thrombin ; metabolism

Objective To survey the knowledge of chronic stable coronary artery disease management among general practitioners (GPs) in Shanghai Pudong New Area.Methods The survey was conducted among 363 GPs with at least 2-year work experiences from community health service centers in Shanghai Pudong New Area from July to September in 2014.A self-designed questionnaire based on the guidelines/consensus of chronic stable coronary artery disease management were used in the survey.The questionnaire consisted of 4 parts:diagnosis,drug therapy,revascularization and treatment of special types.Results Among 363 participants 362 questionnaires were completed.History taking,physical examination and electrocardiogram were applied for diagnosis in all participants,49.2％ (178/362) also used coronary computed tomography angiography,26.5％ (96/362)used exercise testing for assistant examination.More than 95.0％ of participants recognized that smoking,obesity,hyperlipidemia,hypertension,diabetes were risk factors.75.7％ (274/362) of participants used aspirin,91.4％ (331/362) knew the dose of aspirin as 75-150 mg;for aspirin intolerance 14.6％ (53/362)would use clopidogrel alternatively.50.6％ (183/ 362) of participants sometimes used statins;and 39.2％ (142/362) did not use stain because of not knowing the contraindication.Facing increases of alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase levels 95.3％ (345/362) of participants would immediately discontinue stain;80.4％ (291/362) discontinued statins as creatine kinase increased.32.0％ (116/362) of participants gave enough drug-free period avoiding nitrates resistance.79.6％ (288/362) seldom used β-blockers and 42.5％ (154/362) failed to use β-blockers because not knowing the contraindication.78.7％ (285/362) knew percutaneous coronary intervention but did not know its indications;83.1％ (301/362)knew coronary artery bypass but did not know its indications.27.6％ (100/362) knew calcium antagonists were first-line drugs for variant angina and 93.6％ (339/362) never heard of microvascular angina.Conclusion The survey shows that GPs from community health service centers in Shanghai Pudong are not well familiar with examination of coronary heart disease and lack of sufficient knowledge of drugs recommended by the guideline,not well understand the indications for revascularization and the diagnosis and treatment of special types of coronary heart disease.

Objective To explore the effect of icariin on stimulating Smad4 mRNA level in MC3T3-E1 cells. Methods MC3T3-E1 cells were treated by 0 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml, 20 ng/ml, 40 ng/ml icariin respectively. MTT method and population diploid time were applied to observe the cell proliferation. The cell ALP level was measured by atomic absorptiometry and the type Ⅰ collagen was observed by immunohisto-chemistry. RT-PCR was used to find the Smad4 mRNA level in the MC3T3-E1 cells. Results Under the inversion phase contrast microscopy, MC3T3-E1 cells were oligodendrocytes-shaped rich with cell organs. The cells density in 10 ng/ml, 20 ng/ml were higher than those in 0 ng/ml,40 ng/ml. Cell growth curve in 10 ng/ml was higher than other 3 groups and the 20ng/ml was higher than 0 ng/ml, 40 ng/ml groups( P

Objective To compare the efficacy of postoperative noninvasive positive pressure ventilation ( NPPV ) plus standard medical therapy ( SMT) with SMT alone in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD )Methods Twenty-four patients, after upper abdominal or thoracic surgery, who suffered from COPD and moderate to severe respiratory insufficiency, were randomly allocated to receiving SMT alone (oxygen, aminophylline infusion, nebulized beta-2 agonists and anticholinergics, antibiotics administration and chest physiotherapy; control group ,n=12) or NPPV in addition to SMT(NPPV group ,n=12) NPPV was intermittently given with an air-cushioned face mask under the continuous positive airway pressure of 3 cmH 2O and FiO2 of 35%Results There were not significant differences in baselines between both groups 8 patients in control group ( 667%) and all patients in NPPV group recovered with initial therapy with statistically significant difference (P

Objective To investigate the feasibility of Chelex DNA extraction from thin blood smears for genetic analysis, and to develop smear-based nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the 18S RNA of Plasrnodium falciparum. Methods Chelex-100 which was chelating ion exchange resin was used to extract DNA from Giemsa-stained or unstained thin blood smears of different concentrations of Plasmodium falciparum. With the extracted DNA as the template, 18S RNA gene was amplified by nested PCR to test the susceptibility of Chelex method. Results Positive band of 205bp appeared in nested PCR with DNA extracted from Giemsa-stained or unstained thin blood smears of patient with falciparum malaria. Using the Chelex method, the detection limits of the smear-based nested PCR were 1.5 × 101 parasite/μL blood for Giemsa-stained and 1.5×10-1 parasite/μL blood for unstained thin blood smears. Conclusions Chelex DNA extraction is a simple and efficient method for extracting trace amount of DNA from thin blood smear. The smear-based nested PCR developed in this study is feasible to identify the gene from reserved thin blood smears and will provide a new approach for clinical diagnosis and study of molecular epidemiology.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a clinicopathological syndrome caused by liver damage factors except alcohol and has the major feature of diffuse macrovesicular hepatocyte steatosis.Thetwo-hit hypothesis can partly explain the pathogenesis of NAFLD.Recent studies have found that ceramide is a key molecular messenger involved in the development and progression of NAFLD,and as a sphingolipid,it is closely associated with the two-hit hypothesis.This article reviews the role of ceramide in NAFLD.