The rate of bone turnover in postmenopausal women accelerates and the newly formed osteoid is poorly mineralized, resulting in the loss of bone mineral content. Meanwhile, the requirement for calcium increases as more bone matrix needs to be mineralized. On the other hand, the reduction of serum estrogen level impairs the absorption of calcium in intestinal tract and the reabsorption in kidney, resulting in the decreased absorption and increased excretion of calcium. Therefore, sufficient calcium intake is critical for maintaining the bone structure in postmenopausal women. The reference intake of calcium differs greatly among different countries. In 2000, China established the adequate intake of calcium for Chinese women aged 50 years and older as 1000 mg/d. Diets provide the optimal source of calcium to prevent osteoporosis. Although calcium supplements have been demonstrated to be beneficial for the bone mineral density in postmenopausal women, its impact on fracture risk and cardiovascular diseases remains controversial. Available evidences suggest that calcium supplements combined with vitamin D are unlikely to increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

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Embolic stroke of undetermined source ( ESUS ) refers to non-lacunar brain infarcts without definite proximal arterialstenosis or major cardioembolic sources.Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation may be the most important cause of ESUS, thus anticoagulation may be more effective than antiplatelet therapy for secondary stroke prevention to this group of patients.This paper reviews the latest progress on the definition, epidemiology, diagnostic approach, relation to atrial fibrillation and management of ESUS.

Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that can recognize pathogenic microorganisms and stress -asso-ciated endogenous molecules and play an important role in innate immune system .Inflammasomes cause inflamma-tion response by inducing maturation of inflammatory cytokines interleukin ( IL)-1βand IL-18 through activation of caspase-1 ,and involve in the pathogenesis of various diseases such as cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome , is-chemia-reperfusion injury and atherosclerosis .

Objective To explore the relationship betw een injury age and expressions of erythropoietin (EPO ) and its receptor EPO R in the brain tissue of rats after cerebral injury. Methods Seventy-tw o rats w ere random ly divided into control group (36 rats) and cerebral injury group (36 rats). The rats w ere sac-rificed at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 h after cerebral injury (6 rats at each tim e point) and the brain tissues w ere extracted. The expressions of m RNA and protein of EPO and EPO R at different tim e points w ere de-tected by real-tim e fluorescent quantitative PC R and W estern bloting. Results The expressions of EPO and EPO R increased w ithin 24 h after injury. The expressions of m RNA and protein of EPO w ere relat-ed to the injury age, and the correlations w ere 0.875, 0.911, respectively (P<0.05). The expressions of m RNA and protein of EPO R w ere related to the injury age, and the correlation coefficients w ere 0.936, 0.905, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion The expressions of EPO and EPO R increase gradually in the early stage of the rat’s cerebral injury, w hich are associated w ith the injury age and could be a useful value for estim ating injury age.

In recent years,the effects of ultrasound combined with microbubble contrast agent in treatment of tumors has been become a new research hot point,which may have great potential in tumor treatment.Low-power ultrasound radiating microbubble embolization angiogenesis therapeutics has been widely used in tumor treatment.Among them the following foundation research aspects can make great breakthrough,such as : target drug delivery,target gene therapy,increasing high-intensity focused ultrosound therapy efficiency etc.

With the rapid development of information technology at present, application of personal digital assistant (PDA) is becoming more and more popular. It not only can be seen everywhere in daily life, but also infiltrates into the insurance, medicine, finance, public security, aviation, and so on. Along with the construction of the digital hospital and introduction of software, such as "Military I" project, picture archiving and communication systems (PACS), Hospital information System (HIS), as well as the popularity of management software of medical equipments, the hospital puts forward higher requirements for medical work information management. PDA was used for rehabilitation assessment in this hospital from March 2007 to March 2009, which had a good result. Application of PDA in rehabilitation assessment greatly optimized workflow, which is the core objective of rehabilitation medicine. PDA is the necessary way for rehabilitation assessment to the "digital rehabilitation ".

[Abstrct] More and more laboratory indicators including serum creatinine , serum cystatin C , urinary microalbumin, N-acetyl-beta-D-Glucosaminidase (NAG), kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), interleukin 18 (IL-18) and L type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) are used to diagnose and monitor acute kidney injury (AKI).However, the clinical applicability and limitations of these indicators , as well as the detection effect factors and biological variation on the diagnosis and monitoring of AKI are very important , especially how to combine the detection effect factors and biological variation to interpret test result is attached great importance by the laboratory personnel .

For adapting the demands of modern society to medical talents,we applied problem-based learning pattern to urology practice teaching.By breaking the limits of subjects,we enable students to acquire more knowledge of science and problem-solving skills and self-learning skills in the limited time available.The role of teacher shifts from imparting knowledge to leaders.