In this paper, I tried to investigate the origin of Jingmai through examination of some important hypotheses brought up by modern scholars and introduce new hypothesis. Hypotheses about the origin of Jingmai that have been investigated in this paper are as follows. 1) Hypothesis by Joseph Needham and Kano Yoshimitsu that Jingmai is originated from hydraulic engineering or twelve rivers. 2) Hypothesis by some chinese scholars like Zhou yimou that Jingmai is originated from subjective experience of the Neishi daoist experience. 3) Hypothesis by Yamada Keiji that Jingmai is originated from moxibustion supported by shamanism. 4) Hypothesis by Li jianmin that Jingmai is originated from Daoyinshu one of the body-cultivation techniques. Hypothesis 1) has the problem of the fallacy of circular argument. I can drag the opposite resolution from the same basis used by Kano Yoshimitsu. There is the problem of misreading in the hypothesis 2). The words quoted by Zhou yimou are not related to the twelve Jingmai but Qijingbamai. Yamada Keiji and Li jianmin presuppose that at first Mai was just blood vessel. Then they follow each way as mentioned above. I agree their opinion that at the beginning Mai was just blood vessel. But I think that Mai was affected by the schema of shamanism. Mai as the vessel that not only blood but Qi go through is conceived by the schema of shamanism, I think.
*Meridians ; Qi ; Yin-Yang

The sequence of the circulations of the twelve meridians does not follow on the permutation of the yin and yang meridians,whereas it is based on the law of qi-blood circulation. The relative strength of circulation between yin and yang, the ebb and flow of qi-blood goes around and around as cycles. Yin, yang and qi-blood gather in the meridians of the Taiyin and the Yangming, mutually converting in maximum, passing the meridians of the Shaoyin and the Taiyang, and then reaching the meridians of the Jueyin and the Shaoyang in minimum. It reflects not only the running course of the meridians, the sequential and reverse transmission, but also reflects the mutual supporting of yin-yang, and waxing and waning of yin-yang, the relative equilibrium of qi-blood, the transformation of excess and deficiency of disease. Therefore, the clear inspection of the law of qi-blood circulations of the twelve meridians, which is based on the therapy, is the precondition of the comprehensive significance of the sequence.
Blood Circulation ; Humans ; Meridians ; Qi ; Yin-Yang

The theory, methods and ideas of "experiment of progated sensation along meridians (PSM)" were examined in the article through retrieval of ancient medical books, excavating the theory of meridians, the qi of meridians, ying (nutrient) qi, wei (defensive) qi and the related acupuncture techniques. The result shows that PSM is not the reaction of the meridian qi, but the reflection of wei (defensive) qi. Therefore, whether the experiment of PSM revealed with the phenomenon of meridian and all hypothesis based on it or not are still remained as a question. However, although PSM is considered to be related with the wei (defensive) qi, it can not be concluded that the experiment of PSM revealed the function of the wei (defensive) qi.
Humans ; Meridians ; Qi ; Sensation ; Yin-Yang

The relationship between the state of oxygen metabolism in modern physiology and the concept of meridian qi in Chinese medicine was investigated with the theory of Chinese medicine, biomedicine and experimental medicine for exploring the essence of meridians and meridian qi. The hypothesis concerning the relationship between meridian qi in Chinese medicine and oxygen metabolism in modern medicine proposed by the author was expounded and proved by a series of experiment results and theoretical analysis. According to the knowledge of oxygen metabolism and the theory of meridians and meridian qi, it is held that both qi and oxygen have extreme high similarity in both physiological functions and pathological reactions since both of them have material, functional and informational features. And the experiment results indicated that meridian qi in Chinese medicine have very close relationship with oxygen metabolism in modern medicine. Therefore, conclusions were made on the base of the above mentioned results: (1) The essence of meridian qi in Chinese medicine is closely related to oxygen and the metabolism of oxygen; (2) The specific distribution of oxygen metabolism-related substance and its function may be one of the essence of the meridians and meridian qi; (3) Oxygen and vertebrate globin are probably the main contents of the "qi-blood" in Chinese medicine; (4) The mechanism of qi regulation with acupuncture-moxibustion may be fulfilled by the regulation of general and local state of oxygen metabolism.
Acupuncture Therapy ; Humans ; Meridians ; Oxygen ; metabolism ; Qi

In clinical practice, professor integrates the guiding- acupuncture technique of slow insertion and withdrawal of the needle with the thought of needling sensation reaching the affected site. These two theories were recorded in (Chapter 34 of ). Professor proposes that in acupuncture, both acupuncture physician and patient should be in a tranquilizing state. Firstly, the needle is inserted slowly so as to conduct the reversed turbid in back to . After arrival of , with the compound manipulation for promoting , is guided to the affected site. When the treatment ends, the needle is removed slowly to guide the reversed clear in back to and to guide of nutrient and defensive systems back to the original layers. Such acupuncture technique is applicable for various disorders induced by the impairment of activity. In clinical practice, it is adopted for the disorders of heart, lung, stomach, intestines, emotions and nervous system, as well as the obstruction disorders of meridians. The -spring and -stream points of the affected meridians are selected as the main acupoints in prescription. According the theory of four seas and street, the corresponding the front-, back- and -sea points are combined. In acupuncture, the needle is inserted and withdrawn slowly. After arrival of , the needle is manipulated to guide to the pathogenic locations.
Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Humans ; Meridians ; Qi

The 's three-needle technique is famous for mind regulation and treatment. From the perspective of and blood, the special principle and treatment pathway of 's three-needle technique for mind regulation and treatment were summarized and analyzed. Moreover, themethods of invigorating brain and regulating mind, calming heart and tranquilizing mind, strengthening spleen and stomach, dredging the meridian and channel were applied to guide the into the brain to regulate the mind. The mind is regulated by adjusting heart and blood, nourishing the with , adjusting the source of blood and and dredging the channel of and blood. With "adjusting to regulate mind, adjusting blood to regulate mind", a comprehensive treatment is achieved to increase the efficacy of mind regulation and treatment.
Acupuncture Therapy ; Brain ; Meridians ; Needles ; Qi

It is to determine the effect mechanism and therapeutic method of the idea as "guiding meridian sinew
Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Meridians ; Qi ; Running

The defensive function of defensive
Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Meridians ; Qi

According to the records in Neijing (Internal Classic), this article discusses the relationship during the connotative evolution of mai (vessel) and jing (meridian) in the three aspects, named mai (vessels), the evolution from mai (vessel) to jing (meridian), and the connotation replacement of jing (meridian) with mai (vessel). The study results show that the connotation of Jingmai is originated from mai (vessel), but more enriched, which cannot be confused with each other. The recognition on the connotation of jingmai from mai (vessel) to jing (meridian) is the process of TCM understanding from concretization to abstraction, and from the entity to the concept. Jing (meridian) represents the law on the longitudinal and invariable running course of meridian, differenti from the perspective in western medicine in human body. This law results from the naive observation and is based on the rational summary and thinking, and it stands up the approval from practice. The description of jing (meridian) as mai (vessel) is just the superficial description of this term. In fact, its concept infers to the connotation of meridian.
China ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature ; Meridians ; Qi ; history

The amount of acupuncture treatment refers to the sum of acupuncture effects during the treatment. From the factors that constitutes the amount of acupuncture treatment, including the numbers of needling, the size of acupuncture instruments, the depth of acupuncture, the manipulation, the retained time of needle, etc., and combined with teaching and clinical experience, it is believed that the amount of acupuncture treatment is closely related with clinical efficacy, besides, moderate amount of acupuncture treatment is a key factor to improve acupuncture efficacy and guarantee the safety of acupuncture. The basic principles of regular treatment amount are arrival of qi and being moderate, indicating the retained time of needle, treatment frequency and course should be based on individual condition, time, location and disease.
Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; instrumentation ; methods ; Humans ; Meridians ; Needles ; Qi