The cochlea of children with congenital sensorineural hearing loss with normal inner ear structure was measured and analyzed by high-resolution temporal bone CT(HRCT) imaging technique,its application value before cochlear implantation was evaluated and the appropriate electrode was selected.We collected temporal bone HRCT images of 120 patients with congenital sensorineural hearing loss,according to gender divided into two groups,including 60 males and 60 females.We used the PACS software to measure the distance A(the largest distance from the round window to the lateral wall) and the distance H(height of the cochlea) and calculate the cochlear duct length. Reproducibility of these data were evaluated and the results between the different groups were compared.Measurement of parameter values between the intraobserver and interobserver showed great reproducibility. In the male children group,the measured values are shown as distance A［(8.55±0.31)mm］,distance H［(4.57±0.28)mm］and the cochlear duct length(CDL)［(27.59±1.23)mm］; and in the female children group, the measured values are shown as distance A［(8.45±0.32)mm］,distance H［(4.42±0.34)mm］and the cochlear duct length(CDL)［(27.20±1.17)mm.The A,H,and CDL of the male cochlea were greater than those of the female, the difference was statistically significant(<0.05).Measuring the distance A and distance H of the cochlea and calculating the cochlear duct length CDL can be used to select a suitable length of electrode or to customize a personalized electrode. This is a simple and effective assessment method before cochlear implantation..

Being an undisputed risk factor of cancer, air pollution is posing a huge threat to the health on human beings. In this article, we introduced the composition of air pollution, and the standards on air quality which was set by both World Health Organization and the Chinese government. We also summarized the most recent research findings on the association between air pollution and the risk of lung, breast, bladder and other major cancers.
Air Pollutants/toxicity* ; Air Pollution/adverse effects* ; Humans ; Neoplasms/epidemiology* ; Prevalence ; Research/trends* ; Risk Factors

Adult ; Air Pollutants, Occupational ; Humans ; Lung ; Male ; Occupational Diseases ; Occupational Exposure ; Vital Capacity ; Welding

Objective: To investigate the sleep quality and related determinants among centenarians in Hainan. Methods: A cross-sectional study of centenarians from 16 cities/counties was carried out in Hainan province between June 2014 and June 2016. Data related to demography, chronic diseases and lifestyles of the centenarians were collected. Pittsburg sleep quality index (PSQI) was used to assess the quality of sleep while multivariable logistic Regression model was used to determine the risk factors on the quality of sleep. Results: Of the 730 centenarians in this study, 225 suffered from sleep disorders (30.8%). The average score of PSQI was (6.44±3.05), with the top three problems related to sleep as sleep inefficiency (48.5%), sleep latency (35.5%), and daytime dysfuntion (20.6%) among the centenarians. Results from the multivariate logistic analysis showed that incontinence, cardiovascular disease and chronic pain were risk factors, while habitual afternoon nap, and regular diet appeared as protective factors (P<0.05), related to sleep disorder. Conclusions: Quality of sleep had been a problem to the centenarians in Hainan. Intervention on risk factors of sleep disorder should be helpful on these centenarians.
Aged, 80 and over ; Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology* ; Chronic Disease/epidemiology* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diet ; Female ; Humans ; Life Style ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Sleep/physiology* ; Sleep Wake Disorders/epidemiology*

Objective: To analyze the rates on prevalence, awareness, status on treatment and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus among Chinese premenopausal women aged 18-49, in 2013. Methods: Data on China Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance in year 2013 was used for analysis. Source of data covered 302 surveillance points which were selected by Multi-stage cluster random sampling method that including 176 534 adults over 18 years of age, with 46 674 premenopausal women aged 18-49. Plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels were determined after a 10-hour overnight fast for all the participants, before a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test was conducted among participants without a self-reported history of diagnosed diabetes. Diabetes was defined according to the 1999 WHO diagnostic criteria-fasting blood glucose level as ≥7.0 mmol/L and/or 2 hours oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT-2 h) level as ≥11.1 mmol/L. After being weighed, according to complex sampling scheme and post-stratification, the sample was used to estimate the rates of prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus by age, education, urban and rural areas, and geographic locations. Results: The overall prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 5.6% among the Chinese premenopausal women aged 18-49. No statistical difference on the prevalence rates (5.7% and 5.4%, respectively) was seen, between participants from the rural or the urban areas. Prevalence rates in the eastern, central or western geographic areas were 5.8%, 6.2% and 4.4% respectively. The rates of awareness, treatment and control of diabetes appeared as 29.3%, 27.9% and 29.4% in childbearing women aged 18-49. The rate of treatment was 95.4% among those who knew their diabetic situation in childbearing women aged 18-49 years. The control rate of diabetes was 38.9% among those who had taken measures to control glucose, in 18-49-year-old childbearing women. The rate of awareness on diabetes in childbearing women aged 18-49 years in urban areas was higher than that in the rural areas. There were significantly statistical differences on the treatment rates among groups of different education levels but not in the trend test. Conclusion: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in childbearing women aged 18-49 appeared high, but with low rates on awareness, treatment and control. However, statistical difference was seen on awareness, between urban and rural areas.
Adult ; Aged ; Asian People/statistics & numerical data* ; Awareness ; China/epidemiology* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy* ; Female ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Premenopause ; Prevalence ; Residence Characteristics ; Rural Population ; Urban Population

Objective: To analyze the deaths attributed to ambient air pollution in China between 2006 and 2016. Methods: The data were collected from the project of Global Burden of Disease in 2016 (GBD2016). The Data Integration Model for Air Quality were used to estimate exposure to particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(2.5)). The attributable death number was calculated based on the calculation of population attributable fraction (PAF), and the results were compared by gender, diseases and provinces. An average world population age structure was adopted to calculate age-standardized rates. Results: In 2016, a total of 1 075 000 deaths attributed to ambient air pollution occurred in China, accounting for 11.1% of the total deaths, and 57.6% of the deaths attributed to ambient air pollution were due to ischemic heart disease and stroke. The death number among men was 1.7 times higher than that in women, Compared with 2006, the proportion of ambient air pollution related deaths in total deaths decreased by 6.8%; the age- standardized death rate attributed to ambient air pollution decreased by 26.5% and the decrease rate of lower respiratory infections (37.6%) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (42.1%) were greater than ischemic heart disease (5.3%). The age-standardized rate of death attributed to ambient air pollution decreased both in men and in women, but the decrease rate was higher in women (34.8%) than that in men (20.4%). The PAFs varied among provinces, it was highest in Tianjin (13.9%), lowest in Tibet (6.1%), and it was relatively higher in Beijing, Hebei, Shandong, Henan and the three provinces in the northeast and relatively lower in Hong Kong, Macao, Fujian and Hainan etc.. The age-standardized rate of death attributed to ambient air pollution was highest in Xinjiang (120.1/100 000) and lowest in Hong Kong (30.9/100 000), and it was relatively higher in Qinghai, Guizhou, Henan and relatively lower in Macao, Shanghai and Fujian, etc.. Compared with 2006, the PAFs of 17 provinces decreased, the decrease rate ranged from 4.1% to 16.8%, whereas the PAF of Jilin (5.0%) and Heilongjiang (8.1%) increased, and the PAFs of other 14 provinces showed no significant change. The attributable age-standardized death rate decreased in all provinces with the decrease rate ranging from 11.9% (Heilongjiang) to 43.2% (Fujian), and the decrease rate was relatively higher in Guangdong, Zhejiang and Guizhou, and lower in the three provinces in the northeast, Hubei and Hebei etc. Conclusions: In 2016, the disease burden attributable to PM(2.5) in China was heavy, but mitigated compared with 2006. The gender and area specific distributions of deaths attributed to ambient air pollution were observed.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Air Pollution/adverse effects* ; Asian People/statistics & numerical data* ; Cause of Death ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mortality ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/mortality* ; Sex Distribution ; Young Adult

Objective: To study the willingness and influence factors related to "centralized slaughtering, fresh poultry listing and marketing" strategy, among the household chefs, and provide reference for government to adjust and optimize the strategy on avian influenza prevention. Methods: According to the geographical characteristics and regional functions, 6 'monitoring stations' were selected from 12 residential districts of Guangzhou, respectively. Another 21 meat markets which selling live poultry, were selected in each station and 5 household chefs of each market were invited to attend a face to face interview. Basic information, personal cognitive, willingness and influencing factors to the policy were under study. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression methods were used. Results: A total of 664 household chefs underwent the survey and results showed that the rate of support to the "centralized slaughtering, fresh poultry listing and marketing" strategy was 44.6% (296/664). Results from the multi-factor logistic regression showed that those household chefs who were males (OR=1.618, 95% CI: 1.156-2.264, P=0.005), having received higher education (OR=1.814, 95% CI: 1.296-2.539, P=0.001), or believing that the existence of live poultry stalls was related to the transmission of avian influenza (OR=1.918, 95% CI: 1.341-2.743, P<0.001) were factors at higher risk. These household chefs also intended to avoid the use of live poultry stalls (OR=1.666, 95%CI: 1.203-2.309, P=0.002) and accept the "centralized slaughtering, fresh poultry listing and marketing" strategy. Conclusion: Detailed study on this subject and, setting up pilot project in some areas as well as prioritizing the education programs for household chefs seemed helpful to the implementation of the 'freezing-fresh poultry' policy.
Animals ; Attitude to Health ; China ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype ; Influenza in Birds ; Influenza, Human/prevention & control* ; Male ; Marketing ; Meat-Packing Industry ; Multivariate Analysis ; Pilot Projects ; Poultry/virology* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective: To explore the association between gestational weight gain (GWG) and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods: A prospective study was conducted among 1 220 healthy singleton pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy, from Chengdu city, Sichuan province. Pre-gestational body mass and other basic information were collected through a set of questionnaires. Weight at the last week before delivery was measured and GWG was classified by IOM criteria (2009). Related information on pregnancy outcomes was collected after delivery, through the hospital information system. Multiple non-conditional logistic regression models were used to test the association between GWG and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Results: In total, data on 1 045 pregnant women were analyzed. Compared with adequate GWG, excessive GWG was associated with the increased risks of cord entanglement and large for gestational age (OR=1.641, 95%CI: 1.197-2.252; OR=1.678, 95%CI: 0.132-2.488), respectively. Additionally, when compared with the adequate GWG, insufficient GWG was associated with the increased risk of preterm delivery (OR=3.189, 95%CI: 1.604-6.341). Conclusions: Both excessive and insufficient GWG appeared associated with the pregnancy outcomes. Weight monitoring should be strengthened for pregnant women to reduce related risks on adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Adult ; Birth Weight ; Body Mass Index ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; Gestational Weight Gain ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology* ; Pregnancy Outcome/epidemiology* ; Prospective Studies

Objective: To analyze the burden of disease (BOD) on diabetes attributable to high BMI in China from 1990 to 2016. Methods: Data based on population of the 2016 Global Burden of Disease Study for China were used to analyze the attributable fractions (PAF) of BOD for diabetes attributable to high BMI. Measurements for attributable BOD of diabetes included disability adjusted life years (DALY), years of lost life (YLL), years living with disability (YLD), death number and mortality rate. The average world population from 2010 to 2035 was used as a reference. Results: In 2016, death number of diabetes attributable to high BMI was 40 310, which was significantly higher than that in 1990 (15 008). Age-standardized death rate of diabetes attributable to high BMI increased from 2.01/100 000 in 1990 to 2.60/100 000 in 2016, which showed a more significant increasing trend in both males and people aged 15-49 years. DALYs of diabetes attributable to high BMI increased from 1.09 million person years to 3.30 million person years. YLL and YLD also showed increasing trends. The highest increasing rate of YLD was in people aged 15-49 years. High BMI was responsible for 26.01% of the diabetes deaths in 2016 in China, an increase of 39.39% compared with that in 1990 (18.66%). Most provinces in China experienced a sharp increase of DALY of diabetes attributable to high BMI from 1990 to 2016. Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Zhejiang, Macao SAR, Sichuan and Qinghai had the most significant increase tendency in terms of DALY rate during this period. Conclusions: There was a rapid increase of the deaths and mortality rate of diabetes attributable to high BMI, causing a heavy disease burden, in China from 1990 to 2016. The BOD varied in both different age and gender groups. More attention should be paid to males and people aged 15-49 years in the prevention and control programs of diabetes.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Body Mass Index ; China/epidemiology* ; Cost of Illness ; Diabetes Mellitus/ethnology* ; Disabled Persons ; Humans ; Macau ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years ; Sickness Impact Profile ; Young Adult

The prevalence of child and adolescent growth and mental-behavior related diseases are increasing, and the pathogenesis are complex. Twins are excellent natural resources for complex chronic diseases research as they share the maternal intrauterine environment, born at the same time and share the same family environment in early years, which could benefit the adjust ment of confounding factors, such as age, genetic factors and early family environmental factors. Birth cohort with twin families involved could be more effective in exploring the genetic and environmental factors for complex chronic diseases at the very beginning of life. This paper summarizes the objective, content, progress, strengths and potential problems of Wuhan Twin Birth Cohort, with emphasis on the overall design and progress of the study.
Adolescent ; Asian People ; Birth Weight ; Child ; China ; Cohort Studies ; Diseases in Twins/genetics* ; Epidemiological Monitoring ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Twin Studies as Topic ; Twins