No abstract available.
Virulence*

Plants have the ability to acquire an enhanced level of resistance to pathogen attack after being exposed to specific biotic stimuli. To obtain plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria inducing resistance against cucumber anthracnose by Colletotrichum orbiculare, more than 800 strains of rhizobacteria were screened in the greenhouse. Among these strains, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens solate EXTN-1 showed significant disease control efficacy on the plants. Induction of pathogenesis-related(PR-la) gene expression by EXTN-1 was assessed using tobacco plants transformed with PR-1a::beta-glucuronidase (GUS) construct. GUS activities of tobacco treated with EXTN-1 and salicylic acid-treated transgenic tobacco were significantly higher than those of tobacco plants with other treatments. Gene expression analyses indicated that EXTN-1 induces the accumulation of defense-related genes of tobacco. The results showed that some defense genes are expressed by the treatment with EXTN-1 suggesting the similar resistance mechanism by salicylic acid.
Bacillus* ; Colletotrichum ; Gene Expression ; Plants* ; Salicylic Acid ; Tobacco

No abstract available.
Nephrotic Syndrome*

Pharyngeal and laryngeal foreign bodies are common problem at ENT clinic. Removal of a foreign body is mostly simple with the manipulation of endoscope and various instruments. Rarely, migration of swallowed sharp foreign body makes complication. We describe a 74-year-old patient diagnosed with foreign body in larynx involving thyroid. In this case, we present this disease and the treatment course which has been successfully treated by surgical removal and conservative treatment. Furthermore, we discuss its symptoms, physical examinations through literature review.
Aged ; Endoscopes ; Foreign Bodies* ; Humans ; Larynx* ; Physical Examination ; Thyroid Gland*

An epidemiological survey on Metagonimus yokogawai infection was performed in the eastern coast area of Kangwon province. Formalin-ether concentration technique and Stoll's dilution egg counting method were employed to figure out the prevalence and intensity of M. yokogawai infection and eating habits of inhabitants with raw freshwater fish. The results are summarized as follows: The prevalence rate of M. yokogawai infection was 6.6% among a total of 2,357 examinees; 8.6% (115 out of 1,345) in male and 4.0% (40 out of 1,012) in female. The prevalence rates were different by the streams where the examinees were residing: 17.8% along the area of Ohsip-cheon (stream), 11.8% along Maeup-cheon, 1.7% along Hwasang-cheon, 1.3% along Yeongok-cheon, 0.9% along Namdae-cheon, 0.9% along Sa-cheon and 0% in the other streams (Yongchon-cheon, Kangnung Namdae-cheon and Jusoo-cheon) in decreasing order. By social strata, the positive rate was 8.0% (122 out of 1,521) in general inhabitants and 3.9% (33 out of 836) in school children. By the intensity of infection by means of EPG counts in feces; the light infection (less than 400/EPG) was 74.1%, moderate infection (401-1,000/EPG) 17.3% and heavy infection (more than 1,001/EPG) 8.6%. Twelves out of 50 sweetfish (Plecoglossus altivelis) (24%) caught from the streams in eastern coast of Kangwon-Do were infected with metacercariae of M. yokogawai, and the number of larvae detected were 70.7 per fish in average. The metacercarial infection rate in fish were also different by the streams; 100% in Ohsip-cheon of Samcheok-Gun, 14.3% in Sa-cheon, 16.7% in Yeongok-cheon of Myeongju-Gun and 0% in Namdae-cheon of Yangyang-Gun, respectively. Six hundred ninety five (695) out of 1,396 inhabitants and school children (49.8%) were experienced in eating raw freshwater fishes (Plecoglossus altivelis, Tribolodon hakonensis, Coreoperca sp., Moroco sp., Carassius sp. & Cyprinus sp. and Zacco platypus). The data were assayed with the questionnaire collected from the examinees. In summarizing the above results, it is known that the Ohsip-cheon area of Samcheok-Gun is highly infected region, and the other areas of Kangnung Namdae-cheon, Yeongok-cheon and Yangyang Namdae-cheon are very lowly infected or non-infected regions for M. yokogawai infection.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Metagonimus yokogawai ; epidemiology ; Plecoglossus altivelis

Five cases infected with Rhabditis sp. were detected in a survey to examine the stool specimen from rural primary school children. A large number of the larvae of Rhabditis sp. detected by the direct cellophane thick smear were cultured by the filter paper method. The examination was carried out in April through June 1980 in Tangjeong-Myon, Ahsan-Gun, and in September 1983 in Sandong-Eup, Yeongwol-Gun. The results obtained in this study were as follows: Prevalence: Out of 925 children, 5(0.54 percent) children were found to be positive. The number of the detected larvae was 110/0.1 gm of feces in case 1, 35 in case 2, 130 in case 3, 86 in case 4 and 62 in case 5. Larvae: The larvae were prepared by means of the direct fecal smear and measured by a micrometer equipped in the microscope. Twelve(12) through 15-day old larvae in culture were 197.1 micrometer long in average, and the maximum size of the matured stage larvae was 884.0 x 25.9 micrometer. However, the length variation was ranged as 173.0 to 884.0 micrometer. Adults: The size of clubbed adult female was 1,357 micrometer(1,176-1,419) in length and 80 micrometer(79-82) in width. Length of buccal cavity was 33 micrometer. A long cylindrical esophagus (273 micrometer) of the worms with a valved posterior cardiac bulb and with median bulbar swelling was morphologically indicated. Distance from mouth to vulva was occupied 58 percent of body length. Male worm was 1,006 micrometer (890-1,148) in length and 49 micrometer(48-49) wide. Caudal alae of bursa and spicules (75 micrometer in length) were well developed. Eggs: The oval shaped eggs in the female uterus, when cultured, were 66 x 56 micrometer in size, and the eggs laid by the adult could not be detected. So, reproduction might be through to be ovoviviparity. The five cases were re-examined during the period from the 1st to the 3rd week after stool examinations, but Rhabditis sp. were detected again in 4 cases in 1st week. When they were examined in 3rd week, larvae could not be detected . So, it was thought that the infection of Rhabditis sp. to humans was facultative.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda ; Rhabditis sp. ; case report

BACKGROUND: It is well known that the inferior parathyroids are more difficult to preserved than the superior parathyroid glands because the inferior parathyroid glands have more anatomical variations. METHODS: The authors analysed the gross surgical findings of a total of 411 inferior parathyroid glands in 314 total thyroidectomy cases. The inferior parathyroid glands were grouped according to patterns based on their location and arterial blood supply. RESULTS: Type 1 (location: posterior surface of the lower thyroid pole; artery: inferior branch of the inferior thyroid artery): incidence 51% and presevation rate 62%. Type 2 (location: thyrothymic ligament or in the thymus; artery: inferior branch of the inferior thyroid artery): incidence 27% and preservation rate 86%. Type 3 (location: apart from the lower thyroid pole; artery: inferior branch of the inferior thyroid artery): incidence 6.1% and preservation rate 92%. Type 4 (location: anteriorly on the lower thyroid pole; artery: inferior branch of the inferior thyroid artery): incidence 4.1% and preservation rate 33%. Type 5 (location: lower thyroid pole; artery: comes out from the thyroid gland): incidence 4.1% and preservation rate 0%. Type 6 (location: lower thyroid pole; artery: branch of the superior thyroid artery): incidence 3.6% and preservation rate 80%. Type 7 (location: lower thyroid pole; artery: embedded in the thyroid gland): incidence 2.9% and preservation rate 36%. Type 8 (location: more superior than usual; artery: superior branch of the inferior thyroid artery): incidence 0.7% and preservation rate 67%. Type 9 (location: lower thyroid pole; artery: thyroid ima artery): incidence 0.5% and preservation rate 100%. CONCLUSIONS: The most identified inferior parathyroids belonged to the usual types, and their pre-servation rate were relatively high. However there were some unusual types though their incidence was low. Thus, accurate anatomical knowledge of variations in the location and the blood supply of the inferior parathyroids is needed to enhance the preservation rate.
Arteries ; Incidence ; Ligaments ; Parathyroid Glands* ; Thymus Gland ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroidectomy*

The present work was done to isolate the anthelmintic substance from the tuber of Bletilla striata which grows Gangweon-do of the Korea peninsula. The dried B. striata tuber was extracted with ethyl ether by a Soxhlet extractor at 40C for 24 hours, and then the extract was separated into insoluble material (negative wormicidal) and soluble material (positive wormicidal) by petroleum ether solvent. The wormicidal substance was separated in the silica gel column chromatography from the petroleum ether extract, using benzene (90 percent) and acetone (10 percent) as a solvent. The anthelmintic activity was observed in vitro on the cercaria, the excysted metacercaria and the adult of Clonorchis sinensis. On the silica gel thin layer chromatography with the wormicidal substance in benzene:acetone/90:10, five spots were observed in iodine chamber and the spot of Rf. 0.18 value of them appeared the most strong wormicidal effect on the cercaria of C. sinensis. Afterward, a substance which was equivalent to the Rf. 0.18 value spot was isolated from the wormicidal substance by means of silica gel column chromatography using 1 part of ethyl acetate and 6 parts of chloroform carrier, and the excysted matacercaria and the adult of C. sinensis were killed within 14 minutes and 128 minutes in the substance.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; biochemistry ; anthelminthic ; rabbit ; Bletilla striata

PURPOSE: Locoregional recurrence of breast cancer after surgery has been regarded as a harbinger of distant metastases. The present study was undertaken to determine survival following surgical excision of isolated locoregional recurrence and to analyze prognostic factors for their impact on survival after locoregional recurrence. Also, this study may provide information on the group that benefits from surgical management. METHODS: From March 1993 to December 1998, of 43 patients with isolated locoregional recurrence after breast cancer surgery, 26 patients were treated with surgical excision with or without irradiation. Survival was retrospectively analyzed according to prognostic factors. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 15 months. The 3-year disease-free survival rates were 50% for locoregional recurrences treated with surgical resection and 6% for patients treated without surgery (p=0.04), and the overall survival rates were 63% and 14%, respectively (p=0.07). Univariative analysis demonstrated that the initial axillary node status and the disease-free interval were significant prognostic factors for overall survival (p=0.04 and p=0.06, respectively). The disease-free interval from surgery to recurrence was also a significant prognostic factor for disease-free survival (p=0.03). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that patients suffering from isolated locoregional recurrence of breast cancer after a long disease-free interval and an initial node negative status may survive for long periods of time with aggressive surgical treatment.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Disease-Free Survival ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Recurrence* ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate

We evaluated the need for prophylactic postoperative oral antibiotic medication in extraction of asymptomatic impacted mandibular third molars. All patient didn't show sign of pain, inflammation, swelling and trismus at the time of extraction. In the experimental group, oral antibiotic medication(Amoxicillin) was carried out for 5 days postoperatively. In the control group, the patients received no antibiotic medication. All groups didn't use antibiotic irrigation solution. Rule of group composition randomized. The surgical technique was the same in all cases. Parameters that were evaluated were infection, pain, facial swelling, trismus. We could not find any significant difference between the experimental and control groups.(P<0.05) The results of our study show that post operative oral prophylactic antibiotic medication after the extraction of impacted mandibular third molars does not contribute to less infection, pain, facial swelling and increased mouth opening after surgery. Therefore we suggest that prophylactic postoperative oral antibiotic medication is not needed in extraction of asymptomatic impacted mandibular third molars.
Facial Pain ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Molar, Third* ; Mouth ; Trismus